Author
Khairul Anwar Mastor
Other affiliations: University of Kuala Lumpur, University of New South Wales
Bio: Khairul Anwar Mastor is an academic researcher from National University of Malaysia. The author has contributed to research in topics: Personality & Big Five personality traits. The author has an hindex of 22, co-authored 83 publications receiving 2528 citations. Previous affiliations of Khairul Anwar Mastor include University of Kuala Lumpur & University of New South Wales.
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National Institutes of Health1, Eötvös Loránd University2, Slovak Academy of Sciences3, Pusan National University4, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile5, University of Tartu6, Complutense University of Madrid7, Keele University8, Sapienza University of Rome9, University of Iowa10, University of Malta11, Cayetano Heredia University12, University of Melbourne13, University of Paris14, University of Ouagadougou15, University of Coimbra16, University of the Philippines Diliman17, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign18, University of Otago19, Victoria University of Wellington20, Al Akhawayn University21, Koç University22, Lund University23, The Catholic University of America24, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic25, University of Copenhagen26, University of Iceland27, American University of Beirut28, University of Belgrade29, University of Buenos Aires30, Susquehanna University31, National University of Malaysia32, San Francisco State University33, Queen's University Belfast34, International University, Cambodia35, University of Botswana36, Iwate Prefectural University37, Makerere University38, University of Virginia39, University of Ibadan40, University of British Columbia41, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras42, Andhra University43, University of Lausanne44, University of Ljubljana45, Queensland University of Technology46, Bunkyo Gakuin University47, Ramapo College48, Jagiellonian University49, University of Sussex50, University of Winnipeg51, Peking University52, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology53
TL;DR: Perceptions of national character appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.
Abstract: Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.
403 citations
National Institutes of Health1, Ghent University2, Tarbiat Modares University3, Pusan National University4, Ewha Womans University5, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile6, University of Tartu7, University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)8, Sapienza University of Rome9, University of California, Riverside10, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic11, University of Zagreb12, Rutgers University13, University of Coimbra14, Slovak Academy of Sciences15, Queen's University Belfast16, University of Otago17, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin18, University of Buenos Aires19, Susquehanna University20, National University of Malaysia21, Iwate Prefectural University22, Makerere University23, Andhra University24, University of Lausanne25, Queensland University of Technology26, Bunkyo Gakuin University27, Jagiellonian University28, University of Sussex29, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology30
TL;DR: The authors found that cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes, and these associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes.
Abstract: College students (N=3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
363 citations
TL;DR: According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is a universal requirement for psychological well-being as mentioned in this paper, and the extent to which these needs, plus needs for self-actualization and pleasure-stimulation, were satisfied in various roles and reported their general hedonic (i.e., positive and negative affect) and eudaimonic (e.g., meaning in life, personal growth) wellbeing.
Abstract: According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is a universal requirement for psychological well-being. We tested this hypothesis with college students in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan. Participants rated the extent to which these needs, plus needs for self-actualization and pleasure-stimulation, were satisfied in various roles and reported their general hedonic (i.e., positive and negative affect) and eudaimonic (e.g., meaning in life, personal growth) well-being. Asian participants averaged lower than non-Asian participants in perceived satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and self-actualization needs and in most aspects of eudaimonic well-being, and these differences were partially accounted for by differences in dialecticism and independent self-construals. Nonetheless, perceived need satisfaction predicted overall well-being to a similar degree in all cultures and in most cul...
234 citations
University of Milan1, Princeton University2, Catholic University of Leuven3, Harvard University4, Emory University5, University of Oxford6, University of Queensland7, University of Toronto8, University of Bern9, Ulster University10, University of Padua11, Panteion University12, University of Crete13, University of Lisbon14, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile15, Makerere University16, University of Lima17, Tufts University18, University of Costa Rica19, University of Granada20, University of Huelva21, University of Auckland22, University of Marburg23, University of Lausanne24
TL;DR: Investigation of the association between stereotype ambivalence and income inequality in 37 cross-national samples from Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Africa investigates how groups' overall warmth-competence, status-compentence, and competition-warmth correlations vary across societies, and whether these variations associate with income inequality.
Abstract: Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model (SCM) argues that ambivalence-perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both-may help maintain socio-economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and income inequality in 37 cross-national samples from Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Africa investigates how groups' overall warmth-competence, status-competence, and competition-warmth correlations vary across societies, and whether these variations associate with income inequality (Gini index). More unequal societies report more ambivalent stereotypes, whereas more equal ones dislike competitive groups and do not necessarily respect them as competent. Unequal societies may need ambivalence for system stability: Income inequality compensates groups with partially positive social images.
188 citations
Cornell University1, Duke University2, Tarbiat Modares University3, Pusan National University4, Ewha Womans University5, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile6, University of Tartu7, University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)8, University of Zagreb9, Cayetano Heredia University10, Hampshire College11, Rutgers University12, Srinakharinwirot University13, The College of New Jersey14, University of Washington15, Slovak Academy of Sciences16, University of Maryland, College Park17, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic18, Koç University19, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin20, University of Buenos Aires21, University of Coimbra22, Susquehanna University23, National University of Malaysia24, Tokyo University of Social Welfare25, Makerere University26, University of Paris27, Queensland University of Technology28, Bunkyo Gakuin University29, Jagiellonian University30, Peking University31, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology32, Florida State University33
TL;DR: With advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures.
Abstract: Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
137 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply the principles of measurement and research design to the evaluation process through several ex- ex-procedure variables, such as independent, dependent, and moderator variables.
Abstract: to many, however, it constantly appears as an instructional problem. The final two chapters serve as excellent summary statements. Chapter 13 emphasizes the application of previous text material to the classroom situation. Of great significance is the author's discussion of commonly defined independent, dependent, and moderator variables. The final chapter focuses on evaluation in the overall sense, particularly as it relates to programs of study. The principles of measurement and research design are applied to the evaluation process through several ex-
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Book•
08 Sep 2020TL;DR: A review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species – frequent outliers.
Abstract: Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.
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TL;DR: The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man.
Abstract: Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and
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