A review of advanced high performance, insensitive and thermally stable energetic materials emerging for military and space applications

http://chemistry-chemists.com/chemister/Warning/Explosives/ExplosiveAbstacts/review-energetic-materials.pdf

A review of energetic materials synthesis

In this Account of the small portion of the recent research in ionic liquids (ILs) by the Rogers Group, we fast forward through the first evolution of IL research, where ILs were studied for their unique set of physical properties and the resulting potential for tunable “green solvents”, to the second evolution of ILs, where the tunability of the cation and anion independently offers almost unlimited access to targeted combinations of physical and chemical properties. This approach is demonstrated here with the field of energetic ionic liquids (EILs), which utilizes this design flexibility to find safe synthetic routes to ILs with high energy content and targeted physical properties.

The second evolution of ionic liquids: from solvents and separations to advanced materials--energetic examples from the ionic liquid cookbook.

Fireworks are probably the application of chemistry which resonates best with the general public. However, fireworks and (civil and military) pyrotechnic applications cause environmental pollution and thus have given rise to the development of new, environmentally friendly pyrotechnic compounds and formulations. Nitrogen-rich energetic materials, such as the derivatives of tetrazoles and tetrazines, are about to revolutionize traditional pyrotechnic compositions. This Review summarizes the sources of pollution in current formulations and recent efforts toward "green" pyrotechnics.

Green Pyrotechnics : A Chemists' Challenge

▪ Abstract Energetic materials are chemical compounds or mixtures that store significant quantities of energy. In this review, we explore recent approaches to property prediction and new material synthesis. We show how the successful design of new energetic materials with tailored properties is becoming a practical reality.

Design and Synthesis of Energetic Materials1

A less sensitive explosive, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one. The compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) has a crystal density of 1.93 g/cm 3 and calculated detonation velocity and pressure equivalent to those of RDX. It can be prepared in high yield from inexpensive starting materials in a safe synthesis. Results from initial small-scale sensitivity tests indicate that NTO is less sensitive than RDX and HMX in all respects. A 4.13 cm diameter, unconfined plate-dent test at 92% of crystal density gave the detonation pressure predicted for NTO by the BKW calculation.

3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, a less sensitive explosive

An improved synthesis of 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. II: From triaminoguanidine and 2,4-pentanedione

Treatment of the ammonium salt of 3,5-dinitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (ADNT) with hydrazine hydrate gives 5-amino-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) in greater than 90% yields. In addition to its potential use as an insensitive high explosive, ANTA has been shown to be a useful intermediate for the preparation of other explosives.

An improved synthesis of 5-amino-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA), a useful intermediate for the preparation of insensitive high explosives

Oxidations of 3,6‐diamino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine and 3,6‐bis(s,s‐dimethylsulfilimino)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine

Seven amine salts of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one(NTO) have been prepared from inexpensive raw materials. The ammonium, ethylenediamine. hydrazine, and guanidinium homolog salts of NTO were synthesized; their methods of preparation are described. Results from initial characterization and small-scale sensitivity tests indicate that these compounds are thermally stable and moderately insensitive to impact. The heats of formation of these compounds were determined and their performances as gun-propellant ingredients were calculated based on these data. 13C-NMR spectra are also reported.

Kien-Yin Lee

Papers

3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, a less sensitive explosive

An improved synthesis of 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. II: From triaminoguanidine and 2,4-pentanedione

An improved synthesis of 5-amino-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA), a useful intermediate for the preparation of insensitive high explosives

Oxidations of 3,6‐diamino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine and 3,6‐bis(s,s‐dimethylsulfilimino)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine

Synthesis and initial characterization of amine salts of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one