Kim Gammelmark

Bio: Kim Gammelmark is an academic researcher from Technical University of Denmark. The author has contributed to research in topics: Imaging phantom & Aperture. The author has an hindex of 11, co-authored 18 publications receiving 1265 citations.

Ultrasound research scanner for real-time synthetic aperture data acquisition

Abstract: Conventional ultrasound systems acquire ultrasound data sequentially one image line at a time. The architecture of these systems is therefore also sequential in nature and processes most of the data in a sequential pipeline. This often makes it difficult to implement radically different imaging strategies on the platforms and makes the scanners less accessible for research purposes. A system designed for imaging research flexibility is the prime concern. The possibility of sending out arbitrary signals and the storage of data from all transducer elements for 5 to 10 seconds allows clinical evaluation of synthetic aperture and 3D imaging. This paper describes a real-time system specifically designed for research purposes. The system can acquire multichannel data in real-time from multi-element ultrasound transducers, and can perform some real-time processing on the acquired data. The system is capable of performing real-time beamforming for conventional imaging methods using linear, phased, and convex arrays. Image acquisition modes can be intermixed, and this makes it possible to perform initial trials in a clinical environment with new imaging modalities for synthetic aperture imaging, 2D and 3D B-mode, and velocity imaging using advanced coded emissions. The system can be used with 128-element transducers and can excite 128 transducer elements and receive and sample data from 64 channels simultaneously at 40 MHz with 12-bit precision. Two-to-one multiplexing in receive can be used to cover 128 receive channels. Data can be beamformed in real time using the system's 80 signal processing units, or it can be stored directly in RAM. The system has 16 Gbytes RAM and can, thus, store more than 3.4 seconds of multichannel data. It is fully software programmable and its signal processing units can also be reconfigured under software control. The control of the system is done over a 100-Mbits/s Ethernet using C and Matlab. Programs for doing, e.g., B-mode imaging can be written directly in Matlab and executed on the system over the net from any workstation running Matlab. The overall system concept is presented along with its implementation and examples of B-mode and in vivo synthetic aperture flow imaging.

Synthetic Aperture Sequential Beamforming

Abstract: A synthetic aperture focusing (SAF) technique denoted synthetic aperture sequential beamforming (SASB) suitable for 2D and 3D imaging is presented The technique differ from prior art of SAF in the sense that SAF is performed on pre-beamformed data contrary to channel data The objective is to improve and obtain a more range independent lateral resolution compared to conventional dynamic receive focusing (DRF) without compromising frame rate SASB is a two-stage procedure using two separate beamformers First a set of B-mode image lines using a single focal point in both transmit and receive is stored The second stage applies the focused image lines from the first stage as input data The SASB method has been investigated using simulations in Field II and by off-line processing of data acquired with a commercial scanner The performance of SASB with a static image object is compared with DRF For the lateral resolution the improvement in FWHM equals a factor of 2 and the improvement at -40 dB equals a factor of 3 With SASB the resolution is almost constant throughout the range The resolution in the near field is slightly better for DRF A decrease in performance at the transducer edges occur for both DRF and SASB, but is more profound for SASB

Coherent plane-wave compounding for very high frame rate ultrasonography and transient elastography

Abstract: The emergence of ultrafast frame rates in ultrasonic imaging has been recently made possible by the development of new imaging modalities such as transient elastography. Data acquisition rates reaching more than thousands of images per second enable the real-time visualization of shear mechanical waves propagating in biological tissues, which convey information about local viscoelastic properties of tissues. The first proposed approach for reaching such ultrafast frame rates consists of transmitting plane waves into the medium. However, because the beamforming process is then restricted to the receive mode, the echographic images obtained in the ultrafast mode suffer from a low quality in terms of resolution and contrast and affect the robustness of the transient elastography mode. It is here proposed to improve the beamforming process by using a coherent recombination of compounded plane-wave transmissions to recover high-quality echographic images without degrading the high frame rate capabilities. A theoretical model is derived for the comparison between the proposed method and the conventional B-mode imaging in terms of contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, and resolution. Our model predicts that a significantly smaller number of insonifications, 10 times lower, is sufficient to reach an image quality comparable to conventional B-mode. Theoretical predictions are confirmed by in vitro experiments performed in tissue-mimicking phantoms. Such results raise the appeal of coherent compounds for use with standard imaging modes such as B-mode or color flow. Moreover, in the context of transient elastography, ultrafast frame rates can be preserved while increasing the image quality compared with flat insonifications. Improvements on the transient elastography mode are presented and discussed.

Use of modulated excitation signals in medical ultrasound. Part I: basic concepts and expected benefits

Abstract: This paper, the first from a series of three papers on the application of coded excitation signals in medical ultrasound, discusses the basic principles and ultrasound-related problems of pulse compression. The concepts of signal modulation and matched filtering are given, and a simple model of attenuation relates the matched filter response with the ambiguity function, known from radar. Based on this analysis and the properties of the ambiguity function, the selection of coded waveforms suitable for ultrasound imaging is discussed. It is shown that linear frequency modulation (FM) signals have the best and most robust features for ultrasound imaging. Other coded signals such as nonlinear FM and binary complementary Golay codes also have been considered and characterized in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity to frequency shifts. Using the simulation program Field II, it is found that in the case of linear FM signals, a SNR improvement of 12 to 18 dB can be expected for large imaging depths in attenuating media, without any depth-dependent filter compensation. In contrast, nonlinear FM modulation and binary codes are shown to give a SNR improvement of only 4 to 9 dB when processed with a matched filter. Other issues, such as depth-dependent matched filtering and use of filters other than the matched filter (inverse and Wiener filters) also are addressed.

Phase Coherence Imaging

Abstract: A new method for grating and side lobes suppression in ultrasound images is presented. It is based on an analysis of the phase diversity at the aperture data. Two coherence factors, namely the phase coherence factor (PCF) and the sign coherence factor (SCF), are proposed to weight the coherent sum output. Different from other approaches, phase rather than amplitude information is used to perform the correction action.

Real-time face tracking in a digital image acquisition device

Abstract: An image processing apparatus for tracking faces in an image stream iteratively receives an acquired image from the image stream including one or more face regions. The acquired image is sub-sampled at a specified resolution to provide a sub-sampled image. An integral image is then calculated for a least a portion of the sub-sampled image. Fixed size face detection is applied to at least a portion of the integral image to provide a set of candidate face regions. Responsive to the set of candidate face regions produced and any previously detected candidate face regions, the resolution is adjusted for sub-sampling a subsequent acquired image.