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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

Landslides are the most destructive geological hazard in the hilly regions. For systematic landslide mitigation and management, landslide evaluation and hazard zonation is required. Over the past few decades several techniques have been developed that can be used for landslide evaluation and zonation. These techniques can broadly be classified into qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative approaches include geomorphological analysis and heuristic techniques whereas quantitative approaches include statistical, artificial intelligence and deterministic techniques. In quantitative techniques prediction for landslide susceptibility is based on the actual realistic data and interpretations. Further, the quantitative techniques also overcome the subjectivity of qualitative approaches. Each of these techniques may consider different causative factors and utilizes various means for factor evaluation and analysis. When compared, each of these techniques has its own advantage and disadvantage over other techniques. The selection of appropriate technique for landslide hazard evaluation and zonation is very crucial. The factors that need to be considered to adopt an appropriate approach are; investigation purpose, the extent of the area to be covered, the type of mapping units, the scale of map to be produced, type of data to be used, type of landslides, availability of resources, capability and skill set of an evaluator and the accessibility to the study area. The main aim of this article is to present a comprehensive review on various techniques and approaches available for landslide susceptibility and hazard zonation mapping. Further, attempt is also made to assess the effectiveness of these techniques in landslide hazard zonation studies.

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Landslide susceptibility evaluation and hazard zonation techniques – a review

A novel mathematical computing analysis for steady magnetohydrodynamic convective flows of radiative Casson fluids moving over a nonlinearly elongating elastic sheet with a nonuniform thickness is established successfully in this numerical exploration. Also, the significance of an externally applied magnetic field with space-dependent strength on the development of MHD convective flows of Casson viscoplastic fluids is evaluated thoroughly by including the momentous influence of linear thermal radiation along with the temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity effects. By combining the assumption of the low-inducing magnetic field with the boundary layer approximations, the governing partial differential equations monitoring the current flow model are transmuted accordingly into a set of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations by invoking appropriate similarity transformations. Moreover, these derived differential equations are resolved numerically by utilizing a new innovative GDQLLM algorithm integrating the local linearization technique with the generalized differential quadrature method. On the other hand, the behaviours of velocity and temperature fields are deliberated properly through various graphical illustrations and different sets of flow parameters. However, the accurate datasets generated for the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are presented separately in tabular displays, whose physical insights are discussed comprehensively via the slope linear regression method (SLRM). As main results, it is demonstrated that the higher values of the Casson viscoplastic parameter reduce significantly the fluid velocity within the boundary layer region, while a partial reverse tendency is observed near the stretching sheet as long as the wall thickness parameter is increased. Besides the previously mentioned hydrodynamical features, it is also depicted that the thermal field throughout the medium is enhanced considerably with the elevating values of these parameters.

/pdf/a-novel-numerical-procedure-for-simulating-steady-mhd-35jud6n1bh.pdf

A Novel Numerical Procedure for Simulating Steady MHD Convective Flows of Radiative Casson Fluids over a Horizontal Stretching Sheet with Irregular Geometry under the Combined Influence of Temperature-Dependent Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity

A mathematical model is proposed to describe the flow, heat, and mass transfer behaviour of a non-Newtonian (Jeffrey and Oldroyd-B) fluid over a stretching sheet. Moreover, a similarity solution is given for steady two-dimensional flow subjected to Buongiorno’s theory to investigate the nature of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in a porous medium, utilizing the local thermal non-equilibrium conditions (LTNE). The LTNE model is based on the energy equations and defines distinctive temperature profiles for both solid and fluid phases. Hence, distinctive temperature profiles for both the fluid and solid phases are employed in this study. Numerical solution for the nonlinear ordinary differential equations is obtained by employing fourth fifth order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg numerical methodology with shooting technique. Results reveal that, the velocity of the Oldroyd-B fluid declines faster and high heat transfer is seen for lower values of magnetic parameter when compared to Jeffry fluid. However, for higher values of magnetic parameter velocity of the Jeffery fluid declines faster and shows high heat transfer when compared to Oldroyd-B fluid. The Jeffery liquid shows a higher fluid phase heat transfer than Oldroyd-B liquid for increasing values of Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. The increasing values of thermophoresis parameter decline the liquid and solid phase heat transfer rate of both liquids.

https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5521/6/8/264/pdf

Effect of Magnetohydrodynamics on Heat Transfer Behaviour of a Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow over a Stretching Sheet under Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium Condition

Freely available global digital elevation models (DEMs) are important inputs for many research fields and applications. During the last decade, several global DEMs have been released based on satellite data. ASTER and SRTM are the most widely used DEMs, but the more recently released, AW3D30, TanDEM-X and MERIT, are being increasingly used. Many researchers have studied the quality of these DEM products in recent years. However, there has been no comprehensive and systematic evaluation of their quality over areas with variable topography and land cover conditions. To provide this comparison, we examined the accuracy of six freely available global DEMs (ASTER, AW3D30, MERIT, TanDEM-X, SRTM, and NASADEM) in four geographic regions with different topographic and land use conditions. We used local high-precision elevation models (Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), Pleiades-1A) as reference models and all global models were resampled to reference model resolution (1m). In total, 608 million 1x1 m pixels were analyzed. To estimate the accuracy, we generated error rasters by subtracting each reference model from the corresponding global DEM and calculated descriptive statistics for this difference (e.g., median, mean, root-mean-square error (RMSE)). We also assessed the vertical accuracy as a function of the slope, slope aspect, and land cover. We found that slope had the strongest effect on DEM accuracy, with no relationship for slope aspect. The AW3D30 was the most robust and had the most stable performance in most of the tests and is therefore the best choice for an analysis of multiple geographic regions. SRTM and NASADEM also performed well where available, whereas NASADEM, as a successor of SRTM, showed only slight improvement in comparison to SRTM. MERIT and TanDEM-X also performed well despite their lower spatial resolution.

Vertical Accuracy of Freely Available Global Digital Elevation Models (ASTER, AW3D30, MERIT, TanDEM-X, SRTM, and NASADEM)

This work aims to study the relation between Precipitation and six of its various climatic factors. The analysis shows how much is the contribution of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration, Average Temperature, Wet Day frequency, Potential Evapotranspiration, Vapor Pressure and the Cloud Cover towards precipitation. For the purpose of finding the percentage of contribution by every parameter on Precipitation, we use a method called Analytical Hierarchical Processing. Basically, Analytical Hierarchical Processing is used for decision making.

An assessment framework for Precipitation decision making using AHP

Nowadays, digital elevation model (DEM) acts as an inevitable component in the field of remote sensing and GIS. DEM reflects the physical surface of the earth helps to understand the nature of terrain by means of interpreting the landscape using modern techniques and high-resolution satellite images. To understand and analyze the nature of the terrain, DEM is required in many fields in the improvement of developing the product and decision making, mapping purpose, preparing 3D simulations, estimating river channel and creating contour maps to extract the elevation and so on. DEM in various applications will be useful to replicate the overall importance of the availability of worldwide, consistent, high-quality digital elevation models. The present article represents the overall review of DEMs, its generation, development using various techniques derived from topographic maps and high- resolution satellite images over a decade to present. It is useful to understand the nature of topography, address the practical problems and fix them by applying innovative ideas, upcoming high-resolution satellite images and techniques.

Review and critical analysis on digital elevation models

This paper investigates the mixed convection of MHD Maxwell, Jeffery, and Oldroyd-B nanofluid models with heat source/sink over a cone geometry. The nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using Runge–Kutta-based shooting technique for transformed systems. Moreover, the non-homogenous Buongiorno’s model is employed, which accounts for both the impact of thermophoresis and Brownian motion of the nanofluids. The accuracy of the numerical data is obtained by comparison against the existed results in the literature. Furthermore, the effects of important physical parameters such as thermophoresis, Biot number, Brownian motion, and magnetic field parameters on the concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles are evaluated in this research. As the vital outcome of this research, it is revealed that the heat and mass transfer rates are more significant in Jeffery model than other two models Maxwell and Oldroyd-B nanofluid models.

Mixed convection analysis of variable heat source/sink on MHD Maxwell, Jeffrey, and Oldroyd-B nanofluids over a cone with convective conditions using Buongiorno’s model

Development of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) based satellites provide remedies to major geohazards under critical situations around the world. Sentinel 1A mission with the revisit period of 12 day...

InSAR based deformation mapping of earthquake using Sentinel 1A imagery

Brahmaputra is one of the perennial rivers in India which causes floods every year in the north-east state of Assam causing hindrance to normal life and damage to crops. The availability of temporal Remote Sensing (RS) data helps to study the periodical changes caused by flood event and its eventual effect on natural environment. Integrating RS and GIS methods paved a way for effective flood mapping over a large spatial extent which helps to assess the damage accurately for mitigation. In the present study, multitemporal Sentinel-1A data is exploited to assess the 2017 flood situation of Brahmaputra River in Assam state. Five data sets that are taken during flood season and one reference data taken during the non-monsoon season are used to estimate the area inundated under floods for the quantification of damage assessment. A visual interpretation map is produced using colour segmentation method by estimating the thresholds from histogram analysis. A new method is developed to identify the optimum value for threshold from statistical distribution of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data that separates flooded water and non-flooded water. From this method, the range of backscatter values for normal water are identified as - 18 to - 30 dB and the range is identified as - 19 to - 24 dB for flooded water. The results showed that the method is able to separate the flooded and non-flooded region on the microwave data set, and the derived flood extent using this method shows the inundated area of 3873.14 Km2 on peak flood date for the chosen study area.

Mapping and assessing spatial extent of floods from multitemporal synthetic aperture radar images: a case study on Brahmaputra River in Assam State, India.

Kiran Yarrakula

Papers

An assessment framework for Precipitation decision making using AHP

Review and critical analysis on digital elevation models

Mixed convection analysis of variable heat source/sink on MHD Maxwell, Jeffrey, and Oldroyd-B nanofluids over a cone with convective conditions using Buongiorno’s model

InSAR based deformation mapping of earthquake using Sentinel 1A imagery

Mapping and assessing spatial extent of floods from multitemporal synthetic aperture radar images: a case study on Brahmaputra River in Assam State, India.