Kissi Mudie

Bio: Kissi Mudie is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Khat. The author has an hindex of 6, co-authored 19 publications receiving 111 citations.

Magnitude and predictors of excessive alcohol use in Ethiopia: Findings from the 2015 national non-communicable diseases STEPS survey

Abstract: Background : The burden of disease, injury and death associated with excessive alcohol consumption remains high in most countries. Although there were studies done in different parts of Ethiopia that looked at hazardous use and dependence, no national survey was done on excessive alcohol consumption which is an important risk factor for many health and social problems. This study assessed the magnitude and predictors of excessive alcohol use and associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods : A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted using the WHO STEPwise approach to explore risk factors for NCDs including excessive alcohol consumption. A mix of stratified, three-stage cluster and simple random sampling were used to the study setting or clusters and households. The sampling frame was based on the population and housing census conducted in Ethiopia in 2007. A total of 10,260 households were selected from the 513 enumeration areas. Data were collected using WHO STEPS questionnaire. For this report, Heavy Episodic Drinking was taken as a dependent variable. Descriptive statistics including frequency table, mean, median, interquartile range and standard deviations were computed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the predictors of Heavy Episodic Drinking. Results : A total of 9,800 participants were interviewed in the study. The majority59.4% of the study subjects were female, 40.4% were aged 15-29 years. The overall prevalence of lifetime alcohol consumption was 49.3%, and 40.7% of the study participants reported consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days, defined as current drinkers. Heavy episodic drinking was reported by 12.4% of the participants (20.5% males and 2.7% females). In multivariate logistic regression, factors independently associated with heavy episodic drinking, after adjusting for other characteristics, were male sex, rural residence, married, and current tobacco smoking. Conclusion : More than one in five males reported heavy episodic drinking which will predispose them to non-communicable diseases and other risks. Concurrent tobacco smoking is also a major concern. The findings will be helpful to initiate effective public health interventions to reduce heavy episodic drinking and consequently reduce the risks associated with it. It will also serve as a baseline to conduct further studies on this issue in Ethiopia. Key words: Alcohol, Heavy Episodic Drinking, NCD, Ethiopia, WHO STEPS

Insecticidal Activity of Some Traditionally Used Ethiopian Medicinal Plants against Sheep Ked Melophagus ovinus

Abstract: Twelve medicinal plants and a commercially used drug Ivermectin were examined for insecticidal activity against Melophagus ovinus sheep ked at different time intervals using in vitro adult immersion test. The findings show that at 3.13 µL/mL, 6.25 µL/mL and 12.5 µL/mL concentration of Cymbopogon citratus, Foeniculum vulgare and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils respectively, recorded 100% mortalities against M. ovinus within 3 hour of exposure. Significantly higher insecticidal activity of essential oils was recorded (P = 0.00) when compared to 10 μ g/mL Ivermectin after 3-hour exposure of M. ovinus at a concentration of ≥1.57 μ L/mL, ≥3 μ L/mL, and ≥12.7 μ L/mL essential oils of C. citratus, F. vulgare, and E. globulus, respectively. Among essential oils, C. citratus has showed superior potency at a three-hour exposure of the parasite (P = 0.00) at a concentration of ≥0.78 μ L/mL. Strong antiparasitic activity was recorded by aqueous extract of Calpurnia aurea (80% mortality) at a concentration of 200 mg/mL within 24 h among aqueous extracts of 9 medicinal plants. The results indicated all the four medicinal plants, particularly those tested essential oils, can be considered as potential candidates for biocontrol of M. ovinus sheep ked.

Non-communicable Diseases in Ethiopia: Disease burden, gaps in health care delivery and strategic directions.

Abstract: Introduction : In Ethiopia, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) cause 42% of deaths, of which 27% are premature deaths before 70 years of age. The Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) increased from below 20% in 1990 to 69% in 2015. With no action, Ethiopia will be the first among the most populous nations in Africa to experience dramatic burden of premature deaths and disability from NCDs by 2040. However, the national response to NCDs remains fragmented with the total health spending per capita for NCDs still insignificant. The focus of this paper is highlighting the burden of NCDs in Ethiopia and analyzing one of the two major WHO recommended policy issues; the status of integrated management of NCDs, in Ethiopia. NCDs are complex conditions influenced by a range of individual, social and economic factors, including our perceptions and behavior. Also, NCDs tend to be easily overlooked by individuals and policy makers due to their silent nature. Thus, effectively addressing NCDs requires a fresher look into a range of health system issues, including how health services are organized and delivered. Methods : A mixed method approach with quantitative and qualitative data was used. Quantitative data was obtained through analysis of the global burden of diseases study, WHO-STEPs survey, Ethiopian SARA study and the national essential NCD drug survey. This was supplemented by qualitative data through review of a range of documents, including the national NCD policies and strategies and global and regional commitments. Results and discussion: In 2015, NCDs were the leading causes of age-standardized death rate (causing 711 deaths per 100,000 people (95% UI: 468.8–1036.2) and DALYs. The national estimates of the prevalence of NCD metabolic risk factors showed high rates of raised blood pressure (16%), hyperglycemia (5.9%), hypercholesterolemia (5.6%), overweight (5.2%) and Obesity (1.2%). Prevalence of 3-5 risk factors constituting a metabolic syndrome was 4.4%. Data availability on NCD morbidity and mortality is limited. While there are encouraging actions on NCDs in terms of political commitment, lot of gaps as shown by limited availability of resources for NCDs, NCD prevention and treatment services at the primary health care (PHC) level. Shortage of essential NCD drugs and diagnostic facilities and lack of treatment guidelines are major challenges. There is a need to re-orient the national health system to ensure recognition of the NCD burden and sustain political commitment, allocate sufficient funding and improve organization and delivery of NCD services at PHC level. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2018;32 (3):00-000] Key words : Non-communicable diseases, health-system re-orientation, NCD burden, metabolic risk factors, Service delivery, Primary Health Care

Low fruit and vegetable intake and its associated factors in Ethiopia: A community based cross sectional NCD steps survey

Abstract: Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancers and chronic respiratory diseases, have remained the major burden and threat of the world with quite alarming rise in the developing nations. Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with a decreased risk of many chronic diseases. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional survey based on the World Health Organization (WHO) NCD Stepwise approach was done. The survey was conducted in the 9 regions and two city administrations (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) in Ethiopia. The target population for this survey included all men and women age 15-69 years old who consider Ethiopia to be their primary place of residence. A single population-proportion formula was used to determine the sample size: design effect coefficient of 1.5, Z-score of1.96, proportion of 35.2%and marginal error of 0.04. A total of 513 EAs were covered nationwide. Thus, 10,260 study participants were included in the study. A mix of sampling approach namely stratified, three-stage cluster sampling, simple random sampling and Kish method were employed to select the study settings and the study participants. Descriptive weighted analysis was done along with complex sample analysis, and bivariate and multivariate analysis was conducted for fruit and/or vegetable intake. Result: The prevalence of fruit and/or vegetable consumption in Ethiopia was found to be (1.5%). More female than male ate fruit and vegetable in Ethiopia. When adjusted for included demographic and residence confounders (age, sex, location, income, education), those in rural area of residence ate ≥5 servings of fruits and vegetable [OR and (95% CI) [2.77 (1.60, 4.80)] than their counterparts. Conclusion and recommendation: Fruits and/or vegetables intake was generally extremely low. As the general level of risk factors rises, more people are put at risk. Preventive interventions to address these behaviours are implemented at individual, group, and community levels and include education, access to fruits and vegetables should therefore aim at reducing risk throughout the population. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2017;31(Special Issue):355-361] Key Words: STEPs survey, fruit, vegetables, Ethiopia

Antimicrobial activity of topical formulation containing eugenia caryophyllata l. (krunfud) and myritus communis l. (ades) essential oils on selected skin disease causing microorganisms

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Aromatic plants are usually used in traditional medicine as antimicrobial agents. Their essential oils, isolated by hydro-steam distillation, have been known since antiquity to posses’ antimicrobial property. The objective of this study was to formulate topical antimicrobial agents for the treatment of human skin diseases from myrtle and clove essential oils. METHODS: The plant were collected from Bale Zone, North Shewa Zone and Botanical Garden of Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute on Augest to October, 2007. Eessential oils of both plants were collected by hydro-steam distillation in the Formulation Research Laboratory of Department of Drug Research. After the preparation of 1% Eugenia caryophyllus and 4% Myritus communis essential oil formulation in five different formulation bases; the antimicrobial activity were detected in the Microbiology Laboratory by using diffusion assay methods. RESULTS: In the assayed antimicrobial activity topical formulation of 1% Eugenia caryophyllus and 4% Myritus communis essential oils have shown significantly high antimicrobial activity against: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Trachophyton mentagraphyte, Trachophyton vericusom, Microsporum cannis, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans than commonly used drugs. Both topical formulations were more effective in the hydrophilic bases than the lipophilic bases used in the study. CONCLUSION: Our results of topical formulation in hydrophiic ointment or macrogol blend base support the concept that essential oil may be useful for the treatment of microbial infection. Therefore, we suggest that the topical formulation of these oils can be used as alternative drugs for the treatment of skin disease. However, skin sensitivity study of the topical formulations must be performed to ensure their safety.

Population and Housing Census

Abstract: The questionnaires from the field were received, checked and stored by the data processing personnel. They checked: 1. The completeness of the questionnaires 2. The correct bubbling 3. The correct number of questionnaires per household, if total males + total females > 8 as the questionnaire ONLY accommodated maximum of 8 household members. 4. The reference number appears in all the 10 pages of the questionnaires.

Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases

Abstract: Essential oils are one of the most notorious natural products used for medical purposes. Combined with their popular use in dermatology, their availability, and the development of antimicrobial resistance, commercial essential oils are often an option for therapy. At least 90 essential oils can be identified as being recommended for dermatological use, with at least 1500 combinations. This review explores the fundamental knowledge available on the antimicrobial properties against pathogens responsible for dermatological infections and compares the scientific evidence to what is recommended for use in common layman's literature. Also included is a review of combinations with other essential oils and antimicrobials. The minimum inhibitory concentration dilution method is the preferred means of determining antimicrobial activity. While dermatological skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus have been well studied, other pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Haemophilus influenzae, and Brevibacterium species have been sorely neglected. Combination studies incorporating oil blends, as well as interactions with conventional antimicrobials, have shown that mostly synergy is reported. Very few viral studies of relevance to the skin have been made. Encouragement is made for further research into essential oil combinations with other essential oils, antimicrobials, and carrier oils.

Peer Reviewed: Association of Smoking and Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) Use With High Blood Pressure Among Adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006

Abstract: Introduction We assessed the prevalence of substance use and its association with high blood pressure among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Global status report on violence prevention 2014

Abstract: Violence is ubiquitous. Its diverse forms have destructive consequences and significantly affect the lives of people, families and communities worldwide. Its negative consequences include substance addiction, depression, suicide, school dropout, unemployment and recurrent interpersonal difficulties. Violence affects the lives of millions of people with long-lasting impact. It hampers development and recovery in conflict-ridden countries exacerbating societal divisions, perpetuating poverty, spreading crime and occasionally leading to war.