Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Summary This study presents a historical review, a meta-analysis, and recommendations for users about weight–length relationships, condition factors and relative weight equations. The historical review traces the developments of the respective concepts. The meta-analysis explores 3929 weight–length relationships of the type W ¼ aL b for 1773 species of fishes. It shows that 82% of the variance in a plot of log a over b can be explained by allometric versus isometric growth patterns and by different body shapes of the respective species. Across species median b ¼ 3.03 is significantly larger than 3.0, thus indicating a tendency towards slightly positive-allometric growth (increase in relative body thickness or plumpness) in most fishes. The expected range of 2.5 < b < 3.5 is confirmed. Mean estimates of b outside this range are often based on only one or two weight–length relationships per species. However, true cases of strong allometric growth do exist and three examples are given. Within species, a plot of log a vs b can be used to detect outliers in weight–length relationships. An equation to calculate mean condition factors from weight–length relationships is given as Kmean ¼ 100aL b)3 . Relative weight Wrm ¼ 100W/ (amL b m ) can be used for comparing the condition of individuals across populations, where am is the geometric mean of a and bm is the mean of b across all available weight–length relationships for a given species. Twelve recommendations for proper use and presentation of weight–length relationships, condition factors and relative weight are given.

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Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations

Fisheries have rarely been 'sustainable'. Rather, fishing has induced serial depletions, long masked by improved technology, geographic expansion and exploitation of previously spurned species lower in the food web. With global catches declining since the late 1980s, continuation of present trends will lead to supply shortfall, for which aquaculture cannot be expected to compensate, and may well exacerbate. Reducing fishing capacity to appropriate levels will require strong reductions of subsidies. Zoning the oceans into unfished marine reserves and areas with limited levels of fishing effort would allow sustainable fisheries, based on resources embedded in functional, diverse ecosystems.

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Towards sustainability in world fisheries

Ontologies tend to be found everywhere. They are viewed as the silver bullet for many applications, such as database integration, peer-to-peer systems, e-commerce, semantic web services, or social networks. However, in open or evolving systems, such as the semantic web, different parties would, in general, adopt different ontologies. Thus, merely using ontologies, like using XML, does not reduce heterogeneity: it just raises heterogeneity problems to a higher level. Euzenat and Shvaikos book is devoted to ontology matching as a solution to the semantic heterogeneity problem faced by computer systems. Ontology matching aims at finding correspondences between semantically related entities of different ontologies. These correspondences may stand for equivalence as well as other relations, such as consequence, subsumption, or disjointness, between ontology entities. Many different matching solutions have been proposed so far from various viewpoints, e.g., databases, information systems, and artificial intelligence. The second edition of Ontology Matching has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect the most recent advances in this quickly developing area, which resulted in more than 150 pages of new content. In particular, the book includes a new chapter dedicated to the methodology for performing ontology matching. It also covers emerging topics, such as data interlinking, ontology partitioning and pruning, context-based matching, matcher tuning, alignment debugging, and user involvement in matching, to mention a few. More than 100 state-of-the-art matching systems and frameworks were reviewed. With Ontology Matching, researchers and practitioners will find a reference book that presents currently available work in a uniform framework. In particular, the work and the techniques presented in this book can be equally applied to database schema matching, catalog integration, XML schema matching and other related problems. The objectives of the book include presenting (i) the state of the art and (ii) the latest research results in ontology matching by providing a systematic and detailed account of matching techniques and matching systems from theoretical, practical and application perspectives.

Ontology Matching

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

Weight-length relationships for 33 fish species in Greek waters

The estimation of fractional trophic levels(TROPHs) is essential for the management offisheries resources as well as for quantifyingthe ecosystem effects of fishing. We gatheredall available information concerning thefeeding habits of 332 fish stocks, belonging to146 species, 59 families and 21 orders,throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and estimatedtheir TROPH values. The latter ranged from 2.0to 4.5 and the following functional trophicgroups were identified: (a) pure herbivores (TROPH = 2.0–2.1, mean = 2.02, SD = 0.03),which were very rare and represented by Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus andSarpa salpa, all of which feed on red,brown, green and blue-green algae; (b)omnivores with a preference for vegetablematerial (2.1 < TROPH < 2.9, mean = 2.5,SD = 0.12), but feeding on other prey, such assponges, hydrozoans, anthozoans, polychaetes,ostracods, isopods, amphipods and copepods. This type of omnivore was very rare among thecases reviewed; (c) omnivores with a preferencefor animal material (2.9 < TROPH < 3.7,mean = 3.4, SD = 0.19) feeding on a wide variety ofprey (e.g., algae, foraminifera, brachyurans,balanoids, ascidians, amphipods,appendicularians, annelids, isopods,gastropods, cnidarians, ophiurids, polychaetes,cladocerans, mysids, euphausids, fish larvae,cephalopods). They were the most numerous andwere mainly represented by species of thefamilies Blenniidae, Bothidae, Centracanthidae,Gobiidae, Labridae, Lotidae, Macrouridae,Mullidae, Ophidiidae, Soleidae, Triglidaeand Engraulidae; and (d) carnivores witha preference for large decapods, cephalopodsand fish (3.7 < TROPH < 4.5). They werethe next most abundant group among the casesreviewed. They were mainly represented byspecies of the families Dalatiidae, Lophiidae,Scombridae, Scyliorhinidae, Synodontidae,Torpedinidae, Merlucciidae, Xiphiidae andZeidae. This group was divided into twosubgroups: one exhibiting a preference fordecapods and fish (3.7 < TROPH < 4.0,mean = 3.85, SD = 0.09) and another one exhibitinga preference for fish and cephalopods (4.0 <TROPH < 4.5, mean = 4.38, SD = 0.12). Potentialtop carnivores in the Mediterranean Sea werealso identified. Although such a grouping isprovisional, and subject to revision when moredatasets for other species, habitats and areas(especially from the Southern MediterraneanSea, which was underrepresented in ourcompilation) become available, it may serve asa basis for the maintenance of trophic levelbalance in the Mediterranean Sea. This willset the basis for an ecosystem approach to themanagement of the Mediterranean Sea. Acrossspecies, TROPH values increased asymptoticallywith maximum reported body length. The samewas also true for 9 out of 11 stocks, for whichdiet composition data were available for morethan three length classes. The within- andamong-species asymptotic relationships betweenTROPH and body length are discussed within theframework of foraging behavior and preyselection theory. Finally, based on thesampling characteristics and methodology usedin the studies reviewed, some recommendationsfor future stomach content studies are alsoprovided.

Feeding habits and trophic levels of Mediterranean fish

Summary We present the relationships between total (TL), fork(FL) and standard (SL) length for 37 fish species and the relationships between TL and wet weight for 40 fish species from the Aegean Sea (Cyclades; Greece). The relationships between TL, FL and SL were all linear (for all cases: r 2 > 0.928). The values of the exponent b of the length–weight relationships ranged from 2.235 to 3.704.

Length-weight and length-length relationships of fish species from the Aegean Sea (Greece)

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) include many subclasses (e.g. marine sanctuaries, marine parks, wildlife refuges, fisheries closures, no-take MPAs, multiple-use MPAs, marine reserves, ecological reserves) all of which can be defined based mainly upon the level of protection and the primary conservation goal (see www.mpa.gov; Lubchenco et al. 2003). MPAs, and especially the marine reserves subclass (i.e. ‘areas of the ocean completely protected from all extractive and destructive activities’; Lubchenco et al. 2003) represent the extreme case of the precautionary approach to managing marine resources (e.g. Lauck et al. 1998). The strong and rapidly growing interest in MPAs (and particularly in marine reserves) is reflected in the dramatic increase in the number of publications devoted to them (reviewed in Jones 2002, Gell & Roberts 2003, and the articles in ‘The Science of Marine Reserves ’, a supplemental issue of Ecological Applications, Vol 13, Iss 1, freely available for download at www.esa-journals.org/esaonline/?request=getstatic&name=s1051-0761-013-01-0001). In addition, there are now a number of sites on the World Wide Web that are either totally devoted to MPAs, or include relevant information on them: UNEP’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre (www.unep-wcmc.org/ protected_areas), the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO, www. piscoweb.org), and several others. This intense interest is at least partly related to MPAs having been identified and advocated as a conservation (of habitat and biodiversity) and managerial (of fisheries) tool of central importance in the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) (e.g. Agardy 2000, Stergiou 2002, Halpern & Warner 2003, Lubchenko et al. 2003, Pauly & MacLean 2003, Hilborn et al. 2004). It is hoped that MPAs will be beneficial in (1) rebuilding overexploited fish stocks, (2) preserving habitat and biodiversity, (3) maintaining ecosystem structure, (4) buffering against the effects of environmental variability, (5) serving as a control group against which populations in exploited regions can be compared, among others. Clearly, the choice of location, spatial extent (horizontal and vertical), and number of MPAs is critical if they are to meet these goals. It is to this issue that we devote our attention here. Halpern & Warner (2003) state, ‘Most reserve locations and boundaries were drawn by a political process that focused on economics, logistics, or public acceptance, while largely overlooking or ignoring how the complex ecology and biology of an area might be affected by reserve protection.’ In this sense, establishing the locations and boundaries of MPAs can be seen as analogous to the imperfect process associated with establishing stock management grids—a process that has never really managed to incorporate the key realities of population dynamics of the exploited species. While there is a growing consensus on the need for MPAs, at this point in time there is no clear and well-founded basis upon which their location, spatial extent and number can be decided. In fact, rationales/frameworks that are based upon principles of theoretical and applied ecology have only recently been tapped to address these key questions (e.g. Roff & Evans 2002, Botsford et al. 2003, Roberts et al. 2003a,b, Shanks et al. 2003, Fisher & Frank 2004). Much of this work focuses on the manner in which different aspects of the life histories of marine organisms—spawning locations, dispersal, larval retention and export, juvenile nursery areas, etc.—affect MPA design. In this context, we contend that an ecoevolutionary framework already exists, grounded in marine ecology and fisheries oceanography, that is completely consistent with EAF and MPA objectives. The Member-Vagrant Hypothesis as a framework for defining the location, size and number of MPAs. The Member-Vagrant Hypothesis (MVH), the development of which can be traced through a series of publications by Mike Sinclair and Derek Iles (Iles & Sinclair 1982, Sinclair 1988, 1992, Sinclair & Iles 1988, 1989), defines 4 attributes of populations that are involved in the regulation of their size. The ’population richness’ refers to the number of discrete self-sustaining populations (henceforth simply ’populations’) exhibited by any given species. Species such as herring, cod, mackerel, the salmonids, and many others are population rich. The ‘spatial pattern’ relates to the geographic distribution of these populations. Population rich species are usually also broadly distributed (the north Atlantic region is so far the best studied in this regard). Population richness and spatial pattern are species-level characters. The ’absolute abundance’ refers to the instantaneous size of the various populations of any given species, and this size—which can range over several orders of magnitude—varies over time (thus, its ’temporal variability’). These last 2 components of the MVH are population-level characteristics. Sinclair & Iles have applied the MVH to describe the richness, pattern, abundance and variability of several economically im271

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Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources

Weight-length relations of fishes are useful for estimation of biomass from length observations, e.g., infisheriesorconservationresearch.Hereweprovidesomeguidancetoauthorsofsuchpapers,inordertofacil- itatethepublicationandreviewprocess.

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Konstantinos I. Stergiou

Papers

Weight-length relationships for 33 fish species in Greek waters

Feeding habits and trophic levels of Mediterranean fish

Length-weight and length-length relationships of fish species from the Aegean Sea (Greece)

Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources

Editorial note on weight–length relations of fishes