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L. C. Dinneen

Bio: L. C. Dinneen is an academic researcher from Parke-Davis. The author has contributed to research in topics: Analgesic. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 1203 citations.
Topics: Analgesic

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Journal Article
TL;DR: It is concluded that although the neural basis of the most used tests is poorly understood, their use will be more profitable if pain is considered within, rather than apart from, the body's homeostatic mechanisms.
Abstract: The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems. We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are scientific as well as moral reasons for keeping to them. Philosophically, there is the problem that pain cannot be monitored directly in animals but can only be estimated by examining their responses to nociceptive stimuli; however, such responses do not necessarily mean that there is a concomitant sensation. The types of nociceptive stimuli (electrical, thermal, mechanical, or chemical) that have been used in different pain models are reviewed with the conclusion that none is ideal, although chemical stimuli probably most closely mimic acute clinical pain. The monitored reactions are almost always motor responses ranging from spinal reflexes to complex behaviors. Most have the weakness that they may be associated with, or modulated by, other physiological functions. The main tests are critically reviewed in terms of their sensitivity, specificity, and predictiveness. Weaknesses are highlighted, including 1) that in most tests responses are monitored around a nociceptive threshold, whereas clinical pain is almost always more severe; 2) differences in the fashion whereby responses are evoked from healthy and inflamed tissues; and 3) problems in assessing threshold responses to stimuli, which continue to increase in intensity. It is concluded that although the neural basis of the most used tests is poorly understood, their use will be more profitable if pain is considered within, rather than apart from, the body's homeostatic mechanisms.

1,929 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that the formalin test is useful for evaluating mild analgesics and may have advantages over some of the tests that are commonly used for testing analgesics.

845 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the nociceptive activity of zymosan and acetic acid in the writhing model is due to the release of TNF-alpha, interleukin 1beta and interleucin 8 by resident peritoneal macrophages and mast cells.

571 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evidence suggesting pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are potential targets to develop novel drugs and therapies for the treatment of pain is emphasized, emphasizing the importance of the direct and indirect actions of cytokine actions in inflammatory and neuropathic hypernociception.

484 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show that the electronic pressure-meter provides a sensitive, objective and quantitative mechanical nociceptive test that could be useful to characterize new nOCiceptive inflammatory mediators and also to evaluate new peripheral analgesic substances.
Abstract: The objective of the present investigation was to compare the sensitivity of an electronic nociceptive mechanical paw test with classical mechanical tests to quantify the intensity variation of inflammatory nociception. The electronic pressure-meter test consists of inducing the hindpaw flexion reflex by poking the plantar region with a polypropylene pipette tip adapted to a hand-held force transducer. This method was compared with the classical von Frey filaments test and with the rat paw constant pressure test, a modification of the Randall and Selitto test developed by our group. When comparing the three methods, the electronic pressure-meter and the rat paw constant pressure test, but not the von Frey filaments test, detected time vs treatment interactions in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced hypernociception. Both methods also detected the PGE2-induced hypernociception in dose- (50-400 ng/paw) and time- (1-4 h) dependent manners, and time vs treatment interactions induced by carrageenin (25-400 microg/paw). Furthermore, the electronic pressure-meter test was more sensitive at early times, whereas the constant pressure test was more sensitive at later times. Moreover, the electronic pressure-meter test detected the dose-dependent antinociceptive effect of local indomethacin (30-300 microg/paw) and dipyrone (80-320 microg/paw) on carrageenin- (200 microg/paw) and PGE2- (100 ng/paw) induced hypernociception, respectively, and also detected the ineffectiveness of indomethacin (300 microg) on the effect of PGE2. Our results show that the electronic pressure-meter provides a sensitive, objective and quantitative mechanical nociceptive test that could be useful to characterize new nociceptive inflammatory mediators and also to evaluate new peripheral analgesic substances.

453 citations