Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media

Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion.

Microbial protein synthesis and flows of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum of dairy cows.

I N T R O D U C T I O N . . 278 C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N OF LOW-QUALITY F O R A G E S . . . 278 C H E M I C A L C O M P O S I T I O N O F LOW-QUALITY F O R A G E S . . 279 BASIC C O N C E P T S F O R E N S U R I N G A B A L A N C E D N U T R I T I O N F O R R U M I N A N T S O N F O R A G E B A S E D D I E T S . . 279 O P T I M I Z I N G M I C R O B I A L G R O W T H I N T H E R U M E N . . 280 MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF RUMEN MICROBES . . 280 Requirements for sulphur . . 280 Requirements for phosphorus . . 280 Requirements for magnesium . . 281 Requirements for ammonia . . 281 Timing of urea supplements and the ratio of sugars and starches to fibre in a diet . . 281 REQUIREMENTS FOR AMINO A C I D S / P E P T I D E S BY RUMEN ORGANISMS . 283 M A N I P U L A T I N G T H E E F F I C I E N C Y O F F E R M E N T A T I V E D I G E S T I O N . 285

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Factors Affecting the Utilization of ‘Poor-Quality’ Forages by Ruminants Particularly Under Tropical Conditions

Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives

1. The effect of ammonia concentration on microbial protein production was determined in continuous-culture fermentors charged with ruminal contents obtained from steers fed on either a protein-free purified diet, a maize-based all-concentrate diet, or a forage–concentrate (23:77) diet. Urea was infused into the fermentors to maintain various concentrations of ammonia in the incubating mixtures.2. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, microbial protein yield measured as tungstic acid-precipitable N (TAPN) increased linearly with supplementary urea until ammonia started to accumulate in the incubating ingesta. Increasing the ammonia concentration beyond 50 mg NH3-N/l had no effect on microbial protein production.3. The molar proportions of volatile acids produced were not affected by the level of urea supplementation. Total acid production was decreased slightly under N-limiting conditions, but not to the same extent as microbial protein production.4. Estimated yield of microbial dry matter/mol ATP produced averaged 15·6 when non-limiting N as urea was provided with the purified diet.5. These results suggest that addition of non-protein N supplements to ruminant rations are warranted only if the prevailing concentration of ruminal ammonia is less than 50 mg NH3-N/l ruminal fluid.

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L. D Satter

Papers

Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro