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L. Roohil Kareem

Bio: L. Roohil Kareem is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Cross-sectional study & Effluent. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 29 citations.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a batch recirculation cell was used to treat the soak liquor, tanning effluent, and post-tanning wastewater for electrochemical treatment, which achieved a significant reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD, 94.8%) under conditions of a circulation flow of 142.8 L h -1, a current density of 5.8 A dm -2, and a time of 7.05 h.
Abstract: The performance of conventional biological treatment of tannery wastewater can be improved by the application of electrochemical treatment to selected streams. In this study, soak liquor, tanning effluent, and post-tanning effluent were electrochemically treated in batch recirculation mode. The experiments were designed, modeled, and optimized using response surface methodology. Considerable removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD, 94.8%) was achieved by treating the soak liquor in a batch recirculation cell under conditions of a circulation flow of 142.8 L h -1 , a current density of 5.8 A dm -2 , and a time of 7.05 h. Salt remaining in the treated soak liquor was partly utilized in improving the ionic conductivity of the post-tanning effluent for electrochemical treatment. In a separate treatment, the biodegradability index of the post-tanning effluent was improved from 0.3 to 0.67 under conditions of a circulation flow of 112.5 L h -1 , a current density of 2.4 A dm -2 , and a time of 2.15 h. Considerable reduction in the requirement of reactor volume or residence time of the existing aerated biological treatment system of the total wastewater stream can be achieved by applying such an electrochemical pretreatment. 1. Introduction The leather industry encompasses more than 5000 tanneries partly scattered all over the region of South Asia. Most of the tanneries are of small scale, processing 2-3 tons of hides or skins per day. Approximately 30-40 m 3 of wastewater is produced for every ton of hide or skin processed. The total production capacity of the region covers 20% of the world market share. This invites special attention to environmental issues related to the wastewater generated in tanneries. Wastewater from tanneries usually contains high concentrations of chlorides, aliphatic sulfonates, sulfates, aromatic and aliphatic ethoxylates, sulfonated polyphenols, acrylic acid condensates, fatty acids, dyes, proteins, soluble carbohydrates, and Na2S. These substances are either derived from hides and skins or obtained upon addition of reagents during the process. The characteristics of tannery wastewater vary depending on the nature of the tanning process adopted, the amount of water used, the process of hide preservation, the hide processing capacity, and the in-plant measures followed. 1 Raw skins and hides are received in tanneries in salted condition; nearly 40% sodium chloride salt by weight is used in preserving the skins. The first processing step is to wash them with water to remove the salt and other particles. After this washing, a large quantity of water is released as wastewater. This stream, called soak liquor, consists of 2-4% sodium chloride by weight and contains traces of calcium chloride along with bioparticles such as blood, flesh, skin, and other suspended particles. The dissolved salts, especially chlorides, are a matter of concern when the effluent is discharged into nearby lands or stored in ponds. In the long run, it makes fertile land barren, in addition to polluting the surrounding groundwater. Therefore, it becomes necessary to tackle the problem on a priority basis to control the severe environmental degradation caused by soak liquor. The most common method of disposing of soak liquor is evaporation in shallow solar ponds. The soak liquor is sent to shallow solar ponds, and the water in these ponds is removed through a natural evaporation process. The operation is slow and season-dependent. Research is ongoing to improve equipment to enhance the rate of heat transfer and thus the evaporation rate, 2,3 as well as to develop alternate techniques such as membrane processes. 4 The match of electrochemical treatment with tannery soaking effluent is due to multiple reasons: the presence of a high concentration of NaCl, the most effective supporting electrolyte; the moderately lesser quantity to handle (6-10 m 3 per ton of skin), and the failure of conventional methods. The wastewater from small-scale tanneries is usually managed by treatment in common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) for a cluster of tanneries. Most of the large- and medium-scale tanneries have their own effluent treatment plants (ETPs). The CETP process includes the primary treatment (coagulation followed by clarification) and the biological treatment where the dissolved organic part is also removed. The capacity of microorganisms to degrade some groups of tannins is limited by a conventional biological process in either aerobic or anaerobic environments. 5,6 Moreover, variations in pH values, effluent composition, contaminant type, structure, and concentration can inhibit the functioning of an established biological system, thus paralyzing the microorganism metabolism. Other limitations of biological process include the long time needed for the effluent to reach the required standards and the low color removal efficiency. Tannery wastewater treatment by biological processes can still be difficult because of the presence of broad spectrum biocides used in the leather industry to prevent fungal

31 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Assessment of the KAP of obesity among the general public of India concludes that the participants had good knowledge and attitude toward obesity but the participants failed to practice controlling and preventing obesity.
Abstract: Background: Obesity and overweight are strongly linked to developing diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, and endocrine disorders. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of the public are crucial in limiting the burden of obesity in the Indian community. The current study aims to assess the KAP of obesity among the general public of India. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in the rural and urban areas of Tirupati city. Adults aged 18 years or above who are willing to participate, were included. A total of 300 subjects were enrolled and data was collected by using a pre-validated questionnaire. Variables like weight, height and KAP scores were obtained. Chi-square tests were used to associate demographics with good KAP towards obesity.Results: The findings show that more than half of the participants have good knowledge, and a positive attitude, but the practices are not optimal in dealing with obesity and management. Participants’ ages more than 40 years, presence of comorbidity, risk factors, and social habits are significantly associated with obesity and overweight. Obese are having good knowledge but normal-weight people are significantly associated with a positive attitude. Participants of normal weight, no risk factor, and no habits were significantly associated with rational practices.Conclusions: The study concludes that the participants had good knowledge and attitude toward obesity but the participants failed to practice controlling and preventing obesity. However, more efforts are required in creating awareness and educating the general population regarding physical activity, diet, and lifestyle in preventing obesity and its associated complications.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the identification, separation and photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds present in leather industry wastewater was carried out by solvent extraction and the separated crude extracted products were purified through column chromatography and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer, gas chromatography-mass spectrographometer, liquid chromatography mass spectrogram, 1H and 13C Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Abstract: The present research work was intended to find out the useful information on identification, separation and photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds present in leather industry wastewater. The separation of organic compounds present in leather industry wastewater was carried out by solvent extraction. The separated crude extracted products were purified through column chromatography and characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer, gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer, liquid chromatography–mass spectrophotometer, 1H and 13C Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The elemental analysis of wastewater and solid residue was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The organic compounds such as nonadec-1-ene, 2-phenylethanol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and other organic compounds in the leather industry wastewater were identified. Out of these organic compounds, 2-phenylethanol was photocatalytically degraded using standard Degussa P-25 TiO2 (100 mg) photocatalyst under the irradiation of UV light. Result has been shown that 2-phenylethanol was transformed into 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol then the prolonged time (30 h) irradiation leads to 100 % degradation of 2-phenylethanol. Further possible degradation mechanism of 2-phenylethanol was proposed based on the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of degraded samples. The degradation of 2-phenylethanol was confirmed by chemical oxygen demand analysis of degraded samples. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, color, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and ionic chromatography analysis of the leather industry wastewater were also measured.

37 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Adsorption on oyster shell powder (OS) was combined with gliding electric discharge to abate pollution of surface waters sampled in brooks passing through large Cameroonian cities and collecting industrial and domestic wastes.
Abstract: Adsorption on oyster shell powder (OS) was combined with gliding electric discharge to abate pollution of surface waters sampled in brooks passing through large Cameroonian cities and collecting industrial and domestic wastes. OS powder incorporated into the aqueous samples after exposure to the discharge improved pollutant abatement as compared to the plasma treatment alone. The process kinetics involved pseudo zero-order reactions for treatments longer than 5 min. Total organic carbon linearly decreases with increasing exposure time to the discharge (k ≈ 0.13 mgC L−1 min−1 for a 1 g L−1 standard OS charge). The rate constant linearly increases with the incorporated OS mass, which increases the sample pH. The coupled process is more efficient than a single plasma treatment of the polluted liquid in terms of operation cost, waste abatement ratio, and reaction rate. A chemical model involving known plasma generated species and matching acid−base effects is proposed.

35 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Assessment of chemicals used in the leather post-tanning process and the contribution of each chemical to the pollution load of raw wastewater found that retanning agents and synthetic tannins were more toxic than natural ones.

32 citations

24 Oct 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the identification, separation and photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds present in leather industry wastewater was carried out by solvent extraction using a standard Degussa P-25 TiO2 (100 mg) photocatalyst under the irradiation of UV light.
Abstract: The present research work was intended to find out the useful information on identification, separation and photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds present in leather industry wastewater. The separation of organic compounds present in leather industry wastewater was carried out by solvent extraction. The separated crude extracted products were purified through column chromatography and characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer, gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometer, liquid chromatography–mass spectrophotometer, 1H and 13C Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The elemental analysis of wastewater and solid residue was carried out by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The organic compounds such as nonadec-1-ene, 2-phenylethanol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and other organic compounds in the leather industry wastewater were identified. Out of these organic compounds, 2-phenylethanol was photocatalytically degraded using standard Degussa P-25 TiO2 (100 mg) photocatalyst under the irradiation of UV light. Result has been shown that 2-phenylethanol was transformed into 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol then the prolonged time (30 h) irradiation leads to 100 % degradation of 2-phenylethanol. Further possible degradation mechanism of 2-phenylethanol was proposed based on the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of degraded samples. The degradation of 2-phenylethanol was confirmed by chemical oxygen demand analysis of degraded samples. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, color, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and ionic chromatography analysis of the leather industry wastewater were also measured.

30 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2016-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the use of soak liquor for the first time as a substrate for electricity generation in Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) was investigated, and the presence of humic acid was identified in soak liquor, which might be involved in shuttling of electrons from the microorganisms to the electrode.

30 citations