羟氨苄青霉素引起大疱性类天疱疮样疹

http://www.beauty-review.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Some-phytochemical-pharmacological-and-toxicological-properties-of-ginger-Zingiber-officinale-Roscoe-A-review-of-recent-research.pdf

Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research.

UNLABELLED Herbs and spices have a traditional history of use, with strong roles in cultural heritage, and in the appreciation of food and its links to health. Demonstrating the benefits of foods by scientific means remains a challenge, particularly when compared with standards applied for assessing pharmaceutical agents. Pharmaceuticals are small-molecular-weight compounds consumed in a purified and concentrated form. Food is eaten in combinations, in relatively large, unmeasured quantities under highly socialised conditions. The real challenge lies not in proving whether foods, such as herbs and spices, have health benefits, but in defining what these benefits are and developing the methods to expose them by scientific means. CULTURAL ASPECTS The place of herbs and spices in the diet needs to be considered in reviewing health benefits. This includes definitions of the food category and the way in which benefits might be viewed, and therefore researched. Research may focus on identifying bioactive substances in herbs and spices, or on their properties as a whole food, and/or be set in the context of a dietary cuisine. THE ROLE OF HERBS AND SPICES IN HEALTH The antioxidant properties of herbs and spices are of particular interest in view of the impact of oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the development of atherosclerosis. There is level III-3 evidence (National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC] levels of evidence) that consuming a half to one clove of garlic (or equivalent) daily may have a cholesterol-lowering effect of up to 9%. There is level III-1 evidence that 7.2 g of aged garlic extract has been associated with anticlotting (in-vivo studies), as well as modest reductions in blood pressure (an approximate 5.5% decrease in systolic blood pressure). A range of bioactive compounds in herbs and spices have been studied for anticarcinogenic properties in animals, but the challenge lies in integrating this knowledge to ascertain whether any effects can be observed in humans, and within defined cuisines. Research on the effects of herbs and spices on mental health should distinguish between cognitive decline associated with ageing and the acute effects of psychological and cognitive function. There is level I and II evidence for the effect of some herbal supplements on psychological and cognitive function. There is very limited scientific evidence for the effects of herbs and spices on type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the best evidence being available for the effect of ginseng on glycaemia, albeit based on four studies. More research is required, particularly examining the effects of chronic consumption patterns. With increasing interest in alternatives to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the management of chronic inflammation, research is emerging on the use of food extracts. There is level II evidence for the use of ginger in ameliorating arthritic knee pain; however, the improvement is modest and the efficacy of ginger treatment is ranked below that of ibuprofen. More definitive research is required. PUBLIC HEALTH AND DIETARY IMPLICATIONS Recommendations for intakes of food in the Australian guide to healthy eating do not yet include suggested intakes of herbs and spices. Future consideration should be given to including more explicit recommendations about their place in a healthy diet. In addition to delivering antioxidant and other properties, herbs and spices can be used in recipes to partially or wholly replace less desirable ingredients such as salt, sugar and added saturated fat in, for example, marinades and dressings, stir-fry dishes, casseroles, soups, curries and Mediterranean-style cooking. Vegetable dishes and vegetarian options may be more appetising when prepared with herbs and spices. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As several metabolic diseases and age-related degenerative disorders are closely associated with oxidative processes in the body, the use of herbs and spices as a source of antioxidants to combat oxidation warrants further attention. Immediate studies should focus on validating the antioxidant capacity of herbs and spices after harvest, as well as testing their effects on markers of oxidation. This will work in parallel with clinical trials that are aiming to establish antioxidants as mediators of disease prevention. From a dietary perspective, the functionality of herbs and spices will be exposed through consideration of their properties as foods. As with most foods, the real benefits of including them in the diet are likely to emerge with a better understanding of the attributes of health that are best supported by food, and in methodological developments addressing the evidence base for their effects. These developments are well underway through evidence-based frameworks for substantiating health claims related to foods. At present, recommendations are warranted to support the consumption of foods rich in bioactive components, such as herbs and spices. With time, we can expect to see a greater body of scientific evidence supporting the benefits of herbs and spices in the overall maintenance of health and protection from disease.

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Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future

Recommendations for intakes fo food in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating do not yet include suggested intakes of herbs and spices, although several dietary guidelines refer to their benefits. Future consideration should be given to including more explicit recommendations about the place of herbs and spices in a healthy diet

/pdf/health-benefits-of-herbs-and-spices-the-past-the-present-the-53t9bgnauy.pdf

Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future - Public Health

The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger have been known and valued for centuries. During the past 25 years, many laboratories have provided scientific support for the long-held belief that ginger contains constituents with antiinflammatory properties. The original discovery of ginger's inhibitory effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the early 1970s has been repeatedly confirmed. This discovery identified ginger as an herbal medicinal product that shares pharmacological properties with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ginger suppresses prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase- 1 and cyclooxygenase-2. An important extension of this early work was the observation that ginger also suppresses leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. This pharmacological property distinguishes ginger from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This discovery preceded the observation that dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase may have a better therapeutic profile and h...

Ginger—An Herbal Medicinal Product with Broad Anti-Inflammatory Actions

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and prostaglandin (PG)E-2 play a critical role in the pathophysiology of arthritis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates induction of other cytokines, COX-2, PGs, and metalloproteinases, which leads to cartilage degradation. We developed an in vitro human synoviocyte assay system for screening inhibitors of proinflammatory mediators in herbal extracts. Synoviocytes (5 x 10(5) cells/well) obtained during primary knee replacement from osteoarthritic patients were incubated with: control media alone or ginger extract (hydroxy-methoxy-phenyl compounds [HAPC]: EV.EXT 77), 1 h before activation with 1 ng/ml TNF-alpha, 10 ng/ml interleukin-1beta, or control media alone at 5% carbon dioxide, 37 degrees C. Cell viability, TNF-alpha, COX-2, PGE-2, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), and inhibitory subunit I kappa B-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) expression were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and Western blots. Ginger extract-HAPC (100 microg/ml) significantly inhibited the activation of TNF-alpha and COX-2 expression in human synoviocytes as well as suppressed production of TNF-alpha and PGE-2. Inhibition of TNF-alpha and COX-2 activation was accompanied by suppression of NF-kappaB and IkappaB-alpha induction. Using our in vitro assay, we discovered that the ginger extract blocks activation of proinflammatory mediators and its transcriptional regulator suggesting its mode of action. These observations indicate that ginger extract-HAPC offers a complementary and alternative approach to modulate the inflammatory process involved in arthritis.

An in vitro screening assay for inhibitors of proinflammatory mediators in herbal extracts using human synoviocyte cultures.

Introduction: Neuritic plaques, a neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, are extracellular deposits of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ). In the central nervous system neuritic plaques are surround...

Ginger Extract Inhibits β-Amyloid Peptide–Induced Cytokine and Chemokine Expression in Cultured THP-1 Monocytes

Introduction: Ginger has a long history of medicinal use, particularly as an anti-inflammatory agent for a wide variety of diseases such as arthritis. Suppression of inflammation in arthritis is attributed to suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines produced by synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and leukocytes. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a combination ginger extract and its individual components on chemokine expression in human synoviocytes. Methods: Human synoviocytes were incubated with 100 µg/mL combination ginger extract (GE) of Alpinia galanga (AG) and Zingiber officinale (ZO); AG extract alone; ZO extract alone; or control media, for 1 hour at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cells were next activated with 1 ng/mL of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) for 1 hour to determine macrophage chemotactic factor (MCP-1) and interferon-γ activated protein (IP-10) mRNA levels using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Secreted MCP-1 and IP-10 were quantified by enzyme-li...

Ginger extract components suppress induction of chemokine expression in human synoviocytes.

This open pilot study investigated effects of a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich supplement on learning ability in a group of 20 dyslexic children in Sweden. Children formally diagnosed as dyslexic took eight capsules per day of a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) supplement containing high-DHA fish oil and evening primrose oil. Subjective assessments by the children and their parents were completed at baseline and 6, 12, and 20 weeks after supplementation. Quantitative evaluation by word-chain test was completed before and after 4 months of supplementation to measure word decoding (speed of reading) and letter decoding (motoric-perceptual speed). Subjective parent and child assessments showed increasing numbers of positive responders over time in reading speed, general schoolwork, and overall perceived benefit. Significant improvements were observed in reading speed and motor-perceptual velocity. Thirteen of 17 children had a significant improvement on the word-chain test (P < .04). Reading ...

Lars Lindmark

Papers

Ginger—An Herbal Medicinal Product with Broad Anti-Inflammatory Actions

An in vitro screening assay for inhibitors of proinflammatory mediators in herbal extracts using human synoviocyte cultures.

Ginger Extract Inhibits β-Amyloid Peptide–Induced Cytokine and Chemokine Expression in Cultured THP-1 Monocytes

Ginger extract components suppress induction of chemokine expression in human synoviocytes.

A 5-month open study with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in dyslexia.