OBJECTIVES
This study examines how the American Legacy Foundation's "truth" campaign and Philip Morris's "Think. Don't Smoke" campaign have influenced youths' attitudes, beliefs, and intentions toward tobacco.


METHODS
We analyzed 2 telephone surveys of 12- to 17-year-olds with multivariate logistic regressions: a baseline survey conducted before the launch of "truth" and a second survey 10 months into the "truth" campaign.


RESULTS
Exposure to "truth" countermarketing advertisements was consistently associated with an increase in anti-tobacco attitudes and beliefs, whereas exposure to Philip Morris advertisements generally was not. In addition, those exposed to Philip Morris advertisements were more likely to be open to the idea of smoking.


CONCLUSIONS
Whereas exposure to the "truth" campaign positively changed youths' attitudes toward tobacco, the Philip Morris campaign had a counterproductive influence.

Getting to the truth: evaluating national tobacco countermarketing campaigns (vol 92, pg 901, 2002)

ロジックモデル策定ガイド = Logic model development guide

There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables and conceptual models. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and identify the strongest predictors of doping. Using meta-analysis, we aimed to (i) determine effect sizes of psychological (e.g. attitudes) and social-contextual factors (e.g. social norms), and demographic (e.g. sex and age) variables on doping intentions and use; (ii) examine variables that moderate such effect sizes; and (iii) test a path analysis model, using the meta-analyzed effect sizes, based on variables from the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Articles were identified from online databases, by contacting experts in the field, and searching the World Anti-Doping Agency website. Studies that measured doping behaviors and/or doping intentions, and at least one other demographic, psychological, or social-contextual variable were included. We identified 63 independent datasets. Study information was extracted by using predefined data fields and taking into account study quality indicators. A random effects meta-analysis was carried out, correcting for sampling and measurement error, and identifying moderator variables. Path analysis was conducted on a subset of studies that utilized the TPB. Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviors. Furthermore, path analysis suggested that attitudes, perceived norms, and self-efficacy to refrain from doping predicted intentions to dope and, indirectly, doping behaviors. Various meta-analyzed effect sizes were based on a small number of studies, which were correlational in nature. This is a limitation of the extant literature. This review identifies a number of important correlates of doping intention and behavior, many of which were measured via self-reports and were drawn from an extended TPB framework. Future research might benefit from embracing other conceptual models of doping behavior and adopting experimental methodologies that will test some of the identified correlates in an effort to develop targeted anti-doping policies and programs.

/pdf/personal-and-psychosocial-predictors-of-doping-use-in-8a374eapsd.pdf

Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis

War on Drugs

Called the “silent killer,” high blood pressure—hypertension—occurs in one-third of adults in the United States alone, and many are unaware of their condition. Chronic elevation in blood pressure in the arteries is an established risk factor for heart attack and stroke, but for most cases of hypertension, the cause is unknown. Now, Young et al. demonstrate a new biological pathway for an old molecule known to play a role in hypertension.

About 5 to 10% of the time, high blood pressure is caused by another condition or disease and therefore, in principle, treatable with a curative approach. However, most people need blood pressure–lowering drugs, such as inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme to limit associated heart and vascular diseases. This class of drugs effectively limits the action of angiotensin II on renal sodium reabsorption, adrenal aldosterone release, and direct vasoconstriction, all of which promote high blood pressure.

In an animal model, Young et al . found that circulating angiotensin II also acts on brain structures in the periventricular region by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; this results in activation of the sympathetic nervous system and subsequent elevation of systemic arterial pressure. The ER effect by angiotensin II is restricted to cerebral structures not shielded by the blood brain barrier—for example, the circumventricular subfornical organ (SFO). Short-term injection of thapsigargin—a chemical that evokes generalized ER stress—in the lateral brain ventricle or long-term systemic application of angiotensin II both induced ER stress within the SFO. This response was revealed by an increase in expression of stress protein–encoding mRNAs and ultrastructural changes in the ER detected by electron microscopy analysis. Arterial hypertension mediated by angiotensin II–induced ER stress was inhibited by SFO-targeted microinjection of an adenoviral vector that expressed GRP78, an ER chaperone known to abrogate ER stress in vivo. The authors also confirmed that angiotensin II induces oxidative stress within the SFO that precedes the ER stress response. 

The observation that angiotensin II promotes ER stress within a specialized part of the brain might point to new targets and treatment options for the silent killer. However, chronic stress responses have been linked with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, and acute ER stress responses facilitate adaptation to acute cellular perturbations. Thus, more work is needed to assess whether the new findings translate to human patients and whether ER stress can be quelled in the SFO without causing adverse side effects. 

C. N. Young et al ., ER stress in the brain subfornical organ mediates angiotensin-dependent hypertension. J. Clin. Invest. 122 , 3960–3964 (2012). [[Abstract]][1]

 [1]: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/64583

The Brain Rules

Social Psychology of Doping in Sport: A Mixed Studies Narrative Synthesis

In the 1960s, prohibitionist ‘anti-doping’ policy was introduced to curtail the use of illicit performance enhancing substances and methods in sport. Since then, anti-doping attention and funding has been directed towards detection-based deterrence activities. However, it is now acknowledged that investment in long-term, values-based education programmes may be more appropriate. Unfortunately, research into prevention and education is in its infancy, with very little indication of best practice. Therefore, in the interim, we must draw from more developed social science research fields. The following commentary highlights the findings of a recent systematic review of factors which, to-date, have been identified as the most successful preventive approaches across four established social domains; bullying, alcohol, tobacco and social drug use. Although the systematic review highlighted no ‘magical ingredients’ for ensuring effectiveness, there were common ‘recipes for success’, including (i) targeting young participants – when attitudes and values are forming; (ii) providing interactive material that develops social skills; (iii) monitoring and delivering programmes with high degrees of fidelity; (iv) basing delivery on well-trained staff; (v) incorporating long-term ‘booster sessions’ to reinforce key messages. Now, research should contribute to an evidence-base that allows the discovery, application and evaluation of key elements of effective anti-doping education.

Achieving the Olympic ideal: Preventing doping in sport

Prevention through education: A review of current international social science literature: A focus on the prevention of bullying, tobacco, alcohol and social drug use in children, adolescents and young adults

Laurie B. Patterson

Papers

Social Psychology of Doping in Sport: A Mixed Studies Narrative Synthesis

Achieving the Olympic ideal: Preventing doping in sport

Prevention through education: A review of current international social science literature: A focus on the prevention of bullying, tobacco, alcohol and social drug use in children, adolescents and young adults

Anti-doping education for coaches: Qualitative insights from national and international sporting and anti-doping organisations

"The process isn't a case of report it and stop": athletes' lived experience of whistleblowing on doping in sport.