This chapter suggests that delinquency conceals two distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence. According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments across development, culminating m a pathological personality. According to the theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive. There are marked individual differences in the stability of antisocial behavior. The chapter reviews the mysterious relationship between age and antisocial behavior. Some youths who refrain from antisocial behavior may, for some reason, not sense the maturity gap and therefore lack the hypothesized motivation for experimenting with crime.

/pdf/adolescence-limited-and-life-course-persistent-antisocial-52vil00qlw.pdf

Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy.

Five studies tested two general hypotheses: Individuals differ in their use of emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal and suppression, and these individual differences have implications for affect, well-being, and social relationships. Study 1 presents new measures of the habitual use of reappraisal and suppression. Study 2 examines convergent and discriminant validity. Study 3 shows that reappraisers experience and express greater positive emotion and lesser negative emotion, whereas suppressors experience and express lesser positive emotion, yet experience greater negative emotion. Study 4 indicates that using reappraisal is associated with better interpersonal functioning, whereas using suppression is associated with worse interpersonal functioning. Study 5 shows that using reappraisal is related positively to well-being, whereas using suppression is related negatively.

Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being.

The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is denned and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions.

http://www.elaborer.org/cours/A13/lectures/Gross1998.pdf

The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review.

http://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf

A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains

Research on dispositional optimism as assessed by the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985) has been challenged on the grounds that effects attributed to optimism are indistinguishable from those of unmeasured third variables, most notably, neuroticism. Data from 4,309 subjects show that associations between optimism and both depression and aspects of coping remain significant even when the effects of neuroticism, as well as the effects of trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem, are statistically controlled. Thus, the Life Orientation Test does appear to possess adequate predictive and discriminant validity. Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision. Thus, we also describe a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.

Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test

Part 1. Introduction. N.B. Barenbaum, D.G. Winter, History of Modern Personality Theory and Research. Part 2. Theoretical Perspectives. D.M. Buss, Human Nature and Individual Differences: Evolution of Human Personality. D. Westen, G.O. Gabbard, K.M. Ortigo, Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality. O.P. John, L.P. Naumann, C.J. Soto, Paradigm Shift to the Integrative Big Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Conceptual Issues. R.R. McCrae, P.T. Costa, Jr., The Five-Factor Theory of Personality. E.T. Higgins, A.A. Scholer, When Is Personality Revealed? A Motivated Cognition Approach. W. Mischel, Y. Shoda, Toward a Unifying Theory of Personality: Integrating Dispositions and Processing Dynamics within the Cognitive-Affective Processing System. D.P. McAdams, Personal Narratives and the Life Story. Part 3. Biological Bases. L.A. Clark, D. Watson, Temperament: An Organizing Paradigm for Trait Psychology. R.F. Krueger, W. Johnson, Behavioral Genetics and Personality: A New Look at the Integration of Nature and Nurture. T. Canli, Toward a "Molecular Psychology" of Personality. T.A.R. Weinstein, J.P. Capitanio, S.D. Gosling, Personality in Animals. Part 4. Developmental Approaches. E.M. Pomerantz, R.A. Thompson, Parents' Role in Children's Personality Development: The Psychological Resource Principle. B.W. Roberts, D. Wood, A. Caspi, The Development of Personality Traits in Adulthood. C.D. Ryff, Challenges and Opportunities at the Interface of Aging, Personality, and Well-Being. Part 5. Self and Social Processes. R.W. Robins, J.L. Tracy, K.H. Trzesniewski, Naturalizing the Self. W.B. Swann, Jr., J.K. Bosson, Identity Negotiation: A Theory of Self and Social Interaction. M.T. Gailliot, N.L. Mead, R.F. Baumeister, Self-Regulation. D.L. Paulhus, P.D. Trapnell, Self-Presentation of Personality: An Agency-Communion Framework. R.C. Fraley, P.R. Shaver, Attachment Theory and Its Place in Contemporary Personality Theory and Research. V. Benet-Martinez, S. Oishi, Culture and Personality. D.C. Funder, Personality, Situations, and Person-Situation Interactions. Part 6. Cognitive and Motivational Processes. J.F. Kihlstrom, The Psychological Unconscious. O.C. Schultheiss, Implicit Motives. R.A. Emmons, J.L. Barrett, S.A. Schnitker, Personality and the Capacity for Religious and Spiritual Experience. R.M. Ryan, E.L. Deci, Self-Determination Theory and the Role of Basic Psychological Needs in Personality and the Organization of Behavior. D.K. Simonton, Creativity and Genius. Part 7. Emotion, Adjustment, and Health. J.J. Gross, Emotion and Emotion Regulation: Personality Processes and Individual Differences. C.S. Carver, M.F. Scheier, D. Fulford, Self-regulatory Processes, Stress, and Coping. T.A. Widiger, G.T. Smith, Personality and Psychopathology. S.E. Hampson, H.S. Friedman, Personality and Health: A Lifespan Perspective. R.E. Lucas, E. Diener, Personality and Subjective Well-Being.

Lawrence A. Pervin

Papers

Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research