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Lawrence Stark

Bio: Lawrence Stark is an academic researcher from University of California, Berkeley. The author has contributed to research in topics: Eye movement & Saccadic masking. The author has an hindex of 68, co-authored 352 publications receiving 18920 citations. Previous affiliations of Lawrence Stark include Boston University & Mount Sinai St. Luke's and Mount Sinai Roosevelt.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Infrared photodiodes aimed at the iris-sclera border and a digital computer were used in experiments to derive the main sequence curves, which determine saccadic amplitude and peak velocity in the pulse width modulation model.
Abstract: The astronomical term “main sequence” has been applied to the relationships between duration, peak velocity, and magnitude of human saccades over a thousandfold range of magnitude. Infrared photodiodes aimed at the iris-sclera border and a digital computer were used in experiments to derive the main sequence curves. In the pulse width modulation model, the duration of the controller signal pulse determines saccadic amplitude and peak velocity. The high-frequency burst of the oculomotoneurons needs to be only one-half the duration of the saccade, because of the “apparent inertia” of the eyeball.

1,084 citations

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TL;DR: Perception of the rapid displacement of a target is suppressed during saccadic eye movements and can be interpreted with the addition of a threshold element to the algebraic sum of the corollary discharge and the visual signal.

860 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The eye movements and visual perception is one book that the authors really recommend you to read, to get more solutions in solving this problem.
Abstract: A solution to get the problem off, have you found it? Really? What kind of solution do you resolve the problem? From what sources? Well, there are so many questions that we utter every day. No matter how you will get the solution, it will mean better. You can take the reference from some books. And the eye movements and visual perception is one book that we really recommend you to read, to get more solutions in solving this problem.

641 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
22 Jan 1971-Science
TL;DR: Subjects learned and recognized patterns which were marginally visible, requiring them to fixate directly each feature to which they wished to attend, and fixed "scanpaths," specific to subject and pattern appeared in their saccadic eye movements.
Abstract: Subjects learned and recognized patterns which were marginally visible, requiring them to fixate directly each feature to which they wished to attend Fixed "scanpaths," specific to subject and pattern, appeared in their saccadic eye movements, both intermittently during learning and in initial eye movements during recognition A proposed theory of pattern perception explains these results

636 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Subjects' eye movements were recorded while they viewed and then recognized patterns to reveal the sequence of internal processing, consistent with a serial theory of pattern learning and recognition previously proposed.

548 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined.
Abstract: Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.

6,656 citations

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TL;DR: Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment, providing a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.
Abstract: Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment. First, the perceptual saliency of stimuli critically depends on the surrounding context. Second, a unique 'saliency map' that topographically encodes for stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proved to be an efficient and plausible bottom-up control strategy. Third, inhibition of return, the process by which the currently attended location is prevented from being attended again, is a crucial element of attentional deployment. Fourth, attention and eye movements tightly interplay, posing computational challenges with respect to the coordinate system used to control attention. And last, scene understanding and object recognition strongly constrain the selection of attended locations. Insights from these five key areas provide a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.

4,485 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A mathematical model is formulated which is shown to predict both the qualitative features and the quantitative details observed experimentally in planar, multijoint arm movements, and is successful only when formulated in terms of the motion of the hand in extracorporal space.
Abstract: This paper presents studies of the coordination of voluntary human arm movements. A mathematical model is formulated which is shown to predict both the qualitative features and the quantitative details observed experimentally in planar, multijoint arm movements. Coordination is modeled mathematically by defining an objective function, a measure of performance for any possible movement. The unique trajectory which yields the best performance is determined using dynamic optimization theory. In the work presented here, the objective function is the square of the magnitude of jerk (rate of change of acceleration) of the hand integrated over the entire movement. This is equivalent to assuming that a major goal of motor coordination is the production of the smoothest possible movement of the hand. Experimental observations of human subjects performing voluntary unconstrained movements in a horizontal plane are presented. They confirm the following predictions of the mathematical model: unconstrained point-to-point motions are approximately straight with bell-shaped tangential velocity profiles; curved motions (through an intermediate point or around an obstacle) have portions of low curvature joined by portions of high curvature; at points of high curvature, the tangential velocity is reduced; the durations of the low-curvature portions are approximately equal. The theoretical analysis is based solely on the kinematics of movement independent of the dynamics of the musculoskeletal system and is successful only when formulated in terms of the motion of the hand in extracorporal space. The implications with respect to movement organization are discussed.

4,226 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the rules of the ring, the ring population, and the need to get off the ring in order to measure the movement of a cyclic clock.
Abstract: 1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

3,424 citations