자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society

萨义德以其独特的双重身份,对西方中心权力话语做了分析,通过对文学作品、演讲演说等文本的解读,将O rie n ta lis m——"东方学",做了三重释义:一门学科、一种思维方式和一种权力话语系统,对东方学权力话语做了系统的批判,同时将东方学放入空间维度对东方学文本做了细致的解读。

萨义德的“Orientalism”释义

NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein Penguin Books, 2009, 312 pp, ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7This book is best described formally as a general explanation of and advocacy for libertarian paternalism, a term coined by the authors in earlier publications. Informally, it is about how leaders, systems, organizations, and governments can nudge people to do the things the nudgers want and need done for the betterment of the nudgees, or of society. It is paternalism in the sense that "it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better", (p. 5) It is libertarian in that "people should be free to do what they like - and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so", (p. 5) The built-in possibility of opting out or making a different choice preserves freedom of choice even though people's behavior has been influenced by the nature of the presentation of the information or by the structure of the decisionmaking system. I had never heard of libertarian paternalism before reading this book, and I now find it fascinating.Written for a general audience, this book contains mostly social and behavioral science theory and models, but there is considerable discussion of structure and process that has roots in mathematical and quantitative modeling. One of the main applications of this social system is economic choice in investing, selecting and purchasing products and services, systems of taxes, banking (mortgages, borrowing, savings), and retirement systems. Other quantitative social choice systems discussed include environmental effects, health care plans, gambling, and organ donations. Softer issues that are also subject to a nudge-based approach are marriage, education, eating, drinking, smoking, influence, spread of information, and politics. There is something in this book for everyone.The basis for this libertarian paternalism concept is in the social theory called "science of choice", the study of the design and implementation of influence systems on various kinds of people. The terms Econs and Humans, are used to refer to people with either considerable or little rational decision-making talent, respectively. The various libertarian paternalism concepts and systems presented are tested and compared in light of these two types of people. Two foundational issues that this book has in common with another book, Network of Echoes: Imitation, Innovation and Invisible Leaders, that was also reviewed for this issue of the Journal are that 1 ) there are two modes of thinking (or components of the brain) - an automatic (intuitive) process and a reflective (rational) process and 2) the need for conformity and the desire for imitation are powerful forces in human behavior. …

Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

In all organizations—whether corporations, public administrations, cultural institutions, community groups, non-governmental organizations, or political parties—activities take place under circumstances that are highly contradictory. Multitudinous objectives and professional norms, diversity in stakeholder expectations, interests and goals as well as varying structural conditions bring complexity, uncertainty, and fickleness to organizations. By defining what and who they are, by making decisions and performing different activities, organizations must find ways of dealing with circumstances stemming from different forms of generality, producing tensions and more or less precarious compromises (Jagd, 2011). In these contexts, communication plays a crucial role, allowing decisions and activities to be enacted and represented in public. To an increasing degree, much of what we know about organizational activities is based on second-hand information. In most fields, they are primarily mediated either by news media, environmental organizations, customers and other stakeholders, or by organizations’ own communication work (Pallas, Strannegard, & Jonsson, 2014).

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Forum: Inconsistency and Communication in Organizations:

This article accepts the virtue of the rhetorical ideal and offers insights that can lead discourse from bias, distortion, and partisanship to come closer to that ideal in the service of society. Without self-interest and disagreement, rhetoric would not be needed, but can it achieve collaborative outcomes without the distortion of serving various interests set against one another in dysfunctional ways? As means for finding shared meaning, or pressing agreement that advances one interest against another, rhetoric can empower external communicators. The quality of discourse reflects on the character of those who speak for each organization among multiple voices and interests.

Questions of Self-Interest, Agency, and the Rhetor:

This special issue emerged from an ICA pre-conference on Theories in Public Relations, designed to explore the landscape of public relations theory in the current moment. The field of public relations has grown both academically and professionally over the last forty years, and it is now a specialised communication discipline where the most widespread understanding of public relations is primarily a strategic organizational function that nurtures positive relationships with publics and stakeholders for organizations of all kinds: private, public, non-profit, activist, and advocacy. For the first two decades of the field’s existence, theories that focused on the organizational roles of public relations – whether as an internal function that helps organizations to function more effectively, or a function that assists organizations to fulfil their social obligations shaped the vast majority of research in the field. They include Excellence theory and systems theory, but also relationship management, communitarian, rhetorical and dialogic approaches. Each body of work has led to important insights about organizations as instrumental communicators, relationship builders, rhetorical actors, and civil society agents. Over the last two decades, public relations scholarship has extended into other arenas, drawing on perspectives from new scholarly fields (e.g. digital media and network theory, political economy, cultural studies, institutional theory), but also extending its purchase on critical theory that was already in play (e.g. feminism, critical race theory, sociology of media, organizational communication). At the same time, critical analyses of PR that were previously located in the margins of the field have gained greater visibility (L’Etang, McKie, Snow, & Xifra, 2016). As a result, the theoretical landscape of public relations has expanded beyond its organizational origins and now incorporates a much richer range of starting points for multi-faceted analyses of public relations. The field is very much interdisciplinary and many studies are rooted in diverse communication, sociological, cultural, managerial, and organizational knowledge, adapted to public relations-focused inquiries. Despite increasing theoretical depth, however, recognition of the quality and significance of public relations’ theoretical contributions beyond the disciplinary domain remains limited. This may be because a universal understanding of the theoretical pillars on which the field is grounded is far from achieved. Arguably, to enjoy greater recognition and academic legitimacy, the theoretical contributions of public relations as a field in its own right must be able to both stand alone and contribute to fields beyond disciplinary boundaries. 881227 PRI0010.1177/2046147X19881227 editorial2019

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2046147X19881227

Theories in Public Relations: Reflections and Future Directions:

Dignity and respect or homocommodification? Applying moral philosophy to LGBTQ public relations

This article argues that copyright is a systemic marketplace icon because of the breadth of its effects on market operations. Copyright determines how intellectual property rights for creative work are allocated between the different actors involved in production and consumption, and must balance the civic priority of public access to creative work with the market-driven principle of rewarding private interests for their effort. This duality tends to polarise opinion about its implementation by rights holders, because very different ideological assumptions underpin civic and market objectives. Copyright discourses reveal how these ideological struggles play out among interested parties, who use the concept of copyright to make arguments about how markets should be structured, how creative work should be exchanged, and how consumers should behave. In the process, copyright is constructed, explained, branded and promoted as an object to which market actors must orient themselves if they wish to cond...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10253866.2017.1372925

Lee Edwards

Papers

Forum: Inconsistency and Communication in Organizations:

Questions of Self-Interest, Agency, and the Rhetor:

Theories in Public Relations: Reflections and Future Directions:

Dignity and respect or homocommodification? Applying moral philosophy to LGBTQ public relations

Copyright: a systemic marketplace icon