Lester F. Ward

Bio: Lester F. Ward is an academic researcher from University of Otago. The author has contributed to research in topics: Social philosophy & Poison control. The author has an hindex of 19, co-authored 109 publications receiving 1210 citations.

Effects of the NMDA antagonists CPP and MK-801 on radial arm maze performance in rats.

Abstract: The dose- and time-dependent effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/channel antagonists on radial 8-arm maze performance were examined in rats. Both CPP (1.0–30 mg/kg), a competitive NMDA antagonist, and MK-801 (0.1–1.0 mg/kg), a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, produced dose-dependent increases in the number of errors made to sample all 8 baited arms. The effective doses of both drugs produced maximal performance impairments 2 hr after IP injection, and no effects after 24 hr. In a second radial arm maze task where only 4 arms were baited, CPP (10 mg/kg) had a somewhat greater effect on the number of working memory errors than on reference memory errors. MK-801 (0.1, 0.33 mg/kg) had no effects on either this task or on a task involving a 1-hr delay between correct choices 4 and 5 on the 8 choice task. CPP (10 mg/kg), however, impaired performance on this latter task. These results indicate that doses of NMDA antagonists, sufficient to block hippocampal long-term potentiation, also disrupt radial arm maze performance.

The social forces.

Abstract: This is an attractive little volume of two hundred and twenty-six pages, neatly bound and printed upon excellent paper with wide margins and clear type. It is a literary mosaic made up of twenty-five editorials appearing in The Survey in 1907 and 1908. These more or less disconnected bits of expression upon social phenomena in general are put together with so much skill and delicacy of workmanship that they present a symmetrical and well-balanced whole. That which gives them unity and continuity is the large sociological experience and economic grasp of the writer. This appears, for example, in the constantly reiterated principles, that charities should deal primarily with social causes, and that relief should not only be preventive of pauperism but should

Applied Sociology; A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society

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The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the two basic routes to persuasion. One route is based on the thoughtful consideration of arguments central to the issue, whereas the other is based on the affective associations or simple inferences tied to peripheral cues in the persuasion context. This chapter discusses a wide variety of variables that proved instrumental in affecting the elaboration likelihood, and thus the route to persuasion. One of the basic postulates of the Elaboration Likelihood Model—that variables may affect persuasion by increasing or decreasing scrutiny of message arguments—has been highly useful in accounting for the effects of a seemingly diverse list of variables. The reviewers of the attitude change literature have been disappointed with the many conflicting effects observed, even for ostensibly simple variables. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) attempts to place these many conflicting results and theories under one conceptual umbrella by specifying the major processes underlying persuasion and indicating the way many of the traditionally studied variables and theories relate to these basic processes. The ELM may prove useful in providing a guiding set of postulates from which to interpret previous work and in suggesting new hypotheses to be explored in future research.

The structure of scientific collaboration networks

Abstract: The structure of scientific collaboration networks is investigated. Two scientists are considered connected if they have authored a paper together and explicit networks of such connections are constructed by using data drawn from a number of databases, including MEDLINE (biomedical research), the Los Alamos e-Print Archive (physics), and NCSTRL (computer science). I show that these collaboration networks form “small worlds,” in which randomly chosen pairs of scientists are typically separated by only a short path of intermediate acquaintances. I further give results for mean and distribution of numbers of collaborators of authors, demonstrate the presence of clustering in the networks, and highlight a number of apparent differences in the patterns of collaboration between the fields studied.

Accounting and the construction of the governable person.

Abstract: The concern of the paper is historical. It addresses one familiar event within the literature of the history of accounting—the construction of theories of standard costing and budgeting in the first three decades of the twentieth century. A different interpretation of this event is offered from that commonly found. This is seen to have significant implications for the relevance of historical investigation to the understanding of contemporary accounting practices. Instead of an interpretation of standard costing and budgeting as one stage in the advance in accuracy and refinement of accounting concepts and techniques, it is viewed as an important calculative practice which is part of a much wider modern apparatus of power which emerges conspicuously in the early years of this century. The concern of this form of power is seen to be the construction of the individual person as a more manageable and efficient entity. This argument is explored through an examination of the connections of standard costing and budgeting with scientific management and industrial psychology. These knowledges are then related to others which, more or less simultaneously, were emerging beyond the confines of the firm to address questions of the efficiency and manageability of the individual. The more general aim of the paper is to suggest some elements of a theoretical understanding of accounting which would locate it in its interrelation with other projects for the social and organisational management of individual lives.