Author
Lewis Fulton
Other affiliations: United Nations Environment Programme, International Energy Agency, University of California, Los Angeles ...read more
Bio: Lewis Fulton is an academic researcher from University of California, Davis. The author has contributed to research in topics: Greenhouse gas & Travel behavior. The author has an hindex of 13, co-authored 33 publications receiving 655 citations. Previous affiliations of Lewis Fulton include United Nations Environment Programme & International Energy Agency.
Topics: Greenhouse gas, Travel behavior, Truck, Zero emission, Value of time
Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors employed scenario analysis to examine the size and cost of potential emission reduction options from the urban transport sector of developing nations in particular, the analysis compares the cost of greenhouse gas emi
213 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the question of whether the world needs bio-fuels is approached by examining the feasibility of doing without them, and the authors conclude that it will likely be difficult to achieve a low-carbon transport sector without widespread use of biofuels, and that aggressive efforts to develop sustainable, low carbon bio fuels alongside other options are warranted.
Abstract: The question of whether the world needs biofuels is approached by examining the feasibility of doing without them. Even with aggressive reductions in travel growth, shifts to mass transport modes, strong efficiency improvements, and deep market penetration by vehicles running on electricity and hydrogen, there remains a large demand for dense liquid fuels in 2050 (80% of transportation fuel) and even in 2075 (50%). This demand is due largely to aviation, ocean shipping, and long-haul trucking. Acknowledging the significant uncertainties involved in such projections and the challenges faced by all candidate technologies and fuels, we conclude that it will likely be difficult to achieve a low-carbon transport sector without widespread use of biofuels, and that aggressive efforts to develop sustainable, low-carbon biofuels alongside other options are warranted. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
115 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined current trends and potential futures, revising several major global transport/energy reports, and found that there are significant opportunities to slow travel growth and improve efficiency.
Abstract: Global transportation energy use is steeply rising, mainly as a result of increasing population and economic activity. Petroleum fuels remain the dominant energy source, reflecting advantages such as high energy density, low cost, and market availability. The movement of people and freight makes a major contribution to economic development and social well-being, but it also negatively impacts climate change, air quality, health, social cohesion, and safety. Following a review published 20 years ago in the Annual Review of Environment and Resources (then named the Annual Review of Energy and the Environment) by Lee Schipper, we examine current trends and potential futures, revising several major global transport/energy reports. There are significant opportunities to slow travel growth and improve efficiency. Alternatives to petroleum exist but have different characteristics in terms of availability, cost, distribution, infrastructure, storage, and public acceptability. The transition to low-carbon equitabl...
61 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed potential transport demand restraint strategies that could potentially mitigate the impact of short-term supply disruptions, including carpooling, speed limit reductions, driving bans and restrictions, increased public transport usage, and providing information on the effect of maintaining optimal tire pressures.
40 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the International Energy Agency has developed scenarios for the transport sector within the overall concept of mitigation pathways that would be required to limit global warming to 2 °C, and illustrates various passenger travel-related strategies for achieving a 2° transport scenario, in particular looking at how much technology improvement is needed in the light of different changes in travel and modal shares in OECD and non-OECD countries.
Abstract: The transport sector is the second largest and one of the fastest growing energy end-use sectors, representing 24% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. The International Energy Agency has developed scenarios for the transport sector within the overall concept of mitigation pathways that would be required to limit global warming to 2 °C. This paper builds on these scenarios and illustrates various passenger travel-related strategies for achieving a 2° transport scenario, in particular looking at how much technology improvement is needed in the light of different changes in travel and modal shares in OECD and non-OECD countries. It finds that an integrated approach using all feasible policy options is likely to deliver the required emission reductions at least cost, and that stronger travel-related measures result in significantly lower technological requirements.
38 citations
Cited by
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TL;DR: In this article, an assessment of new technologies including alternative transport fuels to break the dependence on petroleum is presented, although it appears that technological innovation is unlikely to be the sole answer to the climate change problem.
993 citations
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University of California, Irvine1, California Institute of Technology2, Carnegie Institution for Science3, National Renewable Energy Laboratory4, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research5, Carnegie Mellon University6, Stanford University7, Colorado State University8, Massachusetts Institute of Technology9, Rocky Mountain Institute10, Imperial College London11, Joint BioEnergy Institute12, College of the Holy Cross13, Colorado School of Mines14, University of Colorado Boulder15, New York University16, Arizona State University17, University of California, Davis18, University of California, Berkeley19, Santa Fe Institute20
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine barriers and opportunities associated with these difficult-to-decarbonize services and processes, including possible technological solutions and research and development priorities, and examine the use of existing technologies to meet future demands for these services without net addition of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Abstract: Some energy services and industrial processes-such as long-distance freight transport, air travel, highly reliable electricity, and steel and cement manufacturing-are particularly difficult to provide without adding carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. Rapidly growing demand for these services, combined with long lead times for technology development and long lifetimes of energy infrastructure, make decarbonization of these services both essential and urgent. We examine barriers and opportunities associated with these difficult-to-decarbonize services and processes, including possible technological solutions and research and development priorities. A range of existing technologies could meet future demands for these services and processes without net addition of CO2 to the atmosphere, but their use may depend on a combination of cost reductions via research and innovation, as well as coordinated deployment and integration of operations across currently discrete energy industries.
951 citations
01 Dec 2018
TL;DR: The special challenges associated with an energy system that does not add any CO2 to the atmosphere (a net-zero emissions energy system) are reviewed and prominent technological opportunities and barriers for eliminating and/or managing emissions related to the difficult-to-decarbonize services are discussed.
Abstract: Models show that to avert dangerous levels of climate change, global carbon dioxide emissions must fall to zero later this century. Most of these emissions arise from energy use. Davis et al. review what it would take to achieve decarbonization of the energy system. Some parts of the energy system are particularly difficult to decarbonize, including aviation, long-distance transport, steel and cement production, and provision of a reliable electricity supply. Current technologies and pathways show promise, but integration of now-discrete energy sectors and industrial processes is vital to achieve minimal emissions. Net emissions of CO2 by human activities - including not only energy services and industrial production but also land use and agriculture - must approach zero in order to stabilize global mean temperature. Energy services such as light-duty transportation, heating, cooling, and lighting may be relatively straightforward to decarbonize by electrifying and generating electricity from variable renewable energy sources (such as wind and solar) and dispatchable ("on-demand") nonrenewable sources (including nuclear energy and fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage). However, other energy services essential to modern civilization entail emissions that are likely to be more difficult to fully eliminate. These difficult-to-decarbonize energy services include aviation, long-distance transport, and shipping; production of carbon-intensive structural materials such as steel and cement; and provision of a reliable electricity supply that meets varying demand. Moreover, demand for such services and products is projected to increase substantially over this century. The long-lived infrastructure built today, for better or worse, will shape the future. Here, we review the special challenges associated with an energy system that does not add any CO2 to the atmosphere (a net-zero emissions energy system). We discuss prominent technological opportunities and barriers for eliminating and/or managing emissions related to the difficult-to-decarbonize services; pitfalls in which near-term actions may make it more difficult or costly to achieve the net-zero emissions goal; and critical areas for research, development, demonstration, and deployment. It may take decades to research, develop, and deploy these new technologies. DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9793
787 citations
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TL;DR: Ridersharing's evolution can be categorized into five phases: (1) World War II car-sharing (or carpooling) clubs; (2) major responses to the 1970s energy crises; (3) early organized ridesharing schemes; (4) reliable rideshaying systems; and (5) technology-enabled ridematching as mentioned in this paper.
567 citations