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Showing papers by "Lidia Morawska published in 2004"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of indoor sources on indoor particle concentrations as well as quantification of emission rates from the sources were quantified using house occupants' diary entries, and catalogued into 21 different types of indoor activities.

484 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that when carefully designed, both approaches, the dynamometer and on-road studies, can provide comparable results, applicable for the assessment of the effect of traffic emissions on airborne particle pollution.
Abstract: The emission factors of a bus fleet consisting of approximately 300 diesel-powered buses were measured in a tunnel study under well-controlled conditions during a 2-d monitoring campaign in Brisbane. Particle number and mass concentration levels of submicrometer particles and PM2.5 were monitored by SMPS and DustTrak instruments at the tunnel's entrance and exit, respectively. Correlation between DustTrak and TEOM response to diesel emissions was assessed, and the DustTrak results were recalculated into TEOM equivalent data. The mean value of the number and mass emission factors was (3.11+/-2.41) x 10(14) particles km(-1) for submicrometer particles and 583+/-451 mg km(-1) for PM2.5 (DustTrak), respectively. TEOM PM2.5 equivalent emission factor was 267+/-207 mg km(-1). The results are in good agreement with the emission factors determined from steady-state dynamometer testing of 12 buses from the same Brisbane City bus fleet. The results indicate that when carefully designed, both approaches, the dynamometer and on-road studies, can provide comparable results, applicable for the assessment of the effect of traffic emissions on airborne particle pollution. A brief overview of emission factors determined from other on-road and dynamometer studies reported in the literature as well as with the regulatory values used for the vehicle emission inventory assessment is presented and compared with the results obtained in this study.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a tandem differential mobility analyser system combining volatilization and humidification aerosol conditioning to allow the observation of hygroscopic behaviour for nonvolatile residues in sulphate aerosols in real time has been developed and demonstrated.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patterns in GAIA plots show that indoor air quality in these houses is strongly dependent on the characteristics of the houses, which underscores the potential of PROMETHEE and GAIA to provide information that can assist source apportionment and elucidation of effective remedial measures for indoor air pollution.
Abstract: This paper reports the first application of the multicriteria decision making methods, PROMETHEE and GAIA, to indoor and outdoor air quality data. Fourteen residential houses in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia were investigated for 21 air quality-influencing criteria, which included the characteristics of the houses as well as the concentrations of volatile organic compounds, fungi, bacteria, submicrometer, and supermicrometer particles in their indoor and outdoor air samples. Ranking information necessary to select one house in preference to all others and to assess the parameters influencing the differentiation of the houses was found with the aid of PROMETHEE and GAIA. There was no correlation between the rank order of each house and the health complaints of its occupants. Patterns in GAIA plots show that indoor air quality in these houses is strongly dependent on the characteristics of the houses (construction material, distance of the house from a major road, and the presence of an in-built garage). Marked similarities were observed in the patterns obtained when GAIA and factor analysis were applied to the data. This underscores the potential of PROMETHEE and GAIA to provide information that can assist source apportionment and elucidation of effective remedial measures for indoor air pollution.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigations showed that converting a petrol operating vehicle to CNG has the potential of reducing some of the emissions and thus risks, while it does not appear to have an impact on others.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the performance evaluation of the Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UVAPS, model 3312, TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA), the novel instrument for real-time monitoring of biological aerosols, was presented.
Abstract: This article presents the results of the performance evaluation of the Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UVAPS, model 3312, TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA), the novel instrument for real-time monitoring of biological aerosols. The main objective of the study was to compare the UVAPS response in measuring aerosols containing NADH, NADPH, or riboflavin particles. At the excitation and emission wavelengths at which the UVAPS operates, these compounds are the primary intrinsic fluorophores specific to biological particles. In addition, the study was focused on determining the detection limits of the UVAPS for these fluorophores. This information is important for the interpretation of UVAPS data while measuring bacterial aerosols. Fluorescence measurements were initially taken with a Varian Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrophotometer for all three fluorophores. The samples were then aerosolized with the 6-jet Collison nebulizer. Riboflavin was found to be a stronger fluorophore than both NAD(P)H coenzymes. ...

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UVAPS) for real-time monitoring of viable bioaerosols inside a swine confinement building.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A newly developed VH-TDMA has been used for the first time to measure the volatile fractions and post volatilization hygroscopic growth factors of ambient aerosols in the coastal marine and urban environments as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A newly developed VH-TDMA has been used for the first time to measure the volatile fractions and post volatilization hygroscopic growth factors of ambient aerosols in the coastal marine and urban environments. The results are compared with comparable data for laboratory generated aerosols of known composition. Measurements conducted on coastal Aitken mode particles showed volatilization behavior similar to laboratory generated aerosols composed of methane sulfonic acid and ammonium sulfate. Measurements conducted on 60 nm particles during nucleation events contained a greater fraction of material with similar volatility to ammonium sulfate than was found at other times. These particles were hygroscopic but less so than pure ammonium sulfate. Measurements conducted in the Brisbane central business district during sea breeze conditions show similar behavior to the coastal aerosol, but with additional low volatility species. This aerosol may originate from urban sources or from marine particles acquiring additional secondary aerosol species during transport. I. Introduction Measurement of thermal volatilization temperatures can reveal the presence of lower volatility species within aerosol particles (Clarke, 1993; Orsini et al., 1996; Sakurai et al., 2003; Schmid et al., 2002). By measuring the hygroscopic behavior of the aerosol after volatilization the solubility of these low volatility residues can also be examined. A volatilization and humidification tandem differential mobility analyzer VH-TDMA system was recently developed for this purpose and the design of this system as well as it’s performance with respect to a variety of laboratory generated aerosols representing species thought to exist in coastal marine ambient aerosols has been previously described (Johnson et al., 2004). The current work demonstrates the application of this system in examining ambient aerosols including those found in coastal marine and urban environments.

28 citations


01 Jul 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated indoor air in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia, and quantified emission characteristics of indoor particle sources in 15 houses by using a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a photometer (DustTrak).
Abstract: As part of a large study investigating indoor air in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia, the purpose of this work was to quantify emission characteristics of indoor particle sources in 15 houses. Submicrometer particle number and approximation of PM2.5 concentrations were measured simultaneously for more than 48 h in the kitchen of all the houses by usinga condensation particle counter (CPC) and a photometer (DustTrak), respectively. In addition, characterizations of particles resultingfrom cookingconducted in an identical way in all the houses were measured by usinga scanningmobility particle sizer (SMPS), an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) and a DustTrak. All the events of elevated particle concentrations were linked to indoor activities usinghouse occupants diary entries, and catalogued into 21 different types of indoor activities. This enabled quantification of the effect of indoor sources on indoor particle concentrations as well as quantification of emission rates from the sources. For example, the study found that frying, grilling, stove use, toasting, cooking pizza, cooking, candle vaporizing eucalyptus oil and fan heater use, could elevate the indoor submicrometer particle number concentration levels by more than five times, while PM2.5 concentrations could be up to 3, 30 and 90 times higher than the background levels during smoking, frying and grilling, respectively. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

25 citations


DOI
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the origin, characteristics and behaviour of indoor particulate matter, its origin and characteristics in an indoor environment, and several important classes of indoor pollutants, including those which are entirely or partially composed of particle matter.
Abstract: Pollutants in an indoor environment are a complex mixture of gases, vapours and particles in either the liquid or the solid phase, suspended in the air, settled or adsorbed on or attached to indoor surfaces. The pollutants originate from a multiplicity of indoor and outdoor sources. The pollutant mixture is dynamic, involved in numerous physical and chemical processes and changes its characteristics with time. Its composition and concentration depend on the strengths of indoor sources, the concentration of pollutants outside and the properties of heating-ventilation and air-conditioning systems. The spatial distribution of pollutant concentration within an indoor environment is often inhomogeneous. Particulate matter in an indoor environment includes particles which are airborne as well as those which are settled on indoor surfaces: dust. The particles vary in chemical properties, which depend on the origin of the particles and differ for particles in different size ranges. The particles can, for example, be combustion products, dust or bioaerosols, and can act as carriers of adsorbed chemicals, biocontaminants or condensed gases. Particles are a key component of emissions from all the combustion sources. In particular, a significant indoor combustion product, environmental tobacco smoke is a mixture of particle and gaseous products of smoke exhaled into the air by smokers and is mixed with the smoke resulting from smouldering of a cigarette between puffs. This chapter is focused on particulate matter, its origin, characteristics and behaviour in an indoor environment. In addition, several important classes of indoor pollutants are discussed: those which are entirely or partially composed of particulate matter. These include environmental tobacco smoke and combustion products from other sources, such as wood smoke or vehicle emissions, and also fibres, in particular, asbestos.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, pilot cross-sectional investigations of ambient submicrometer particles were conducted in five locations in the region of Salzburg, Austria, and the results showed that particle size distributions in the urban roadside environment were characterised by three peaks at approximately 0.04, 0.07 and 0.16 µm, the relative height varying for different days.