2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61728-0.pdf

Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1797952/1-s2.0-S0140673618322797-main.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61766-8.pdf

A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Introduction to sampling and measurement techniques

The hygroscopic growth of polydisperse salt, organic and environmental tobacco smoke aerosols for different residence times

Commuting in various transport modes represents an activity likely to incur significant exposure to traffic emissions. This study investigated the determinants and characteristics of exposure to ultrafine (< 100 nm) particles (UFPs) in four transport modes in Sydney, with a specific focus on exposure in automobiles, which remain the transport mode of choice for approximately 70% of Sydney commuters. UFP concentrations were measured using a portable condensation particle counter (CPC) inside five automobiles commuting on above ground and tunnel roadways, and in buses, ferries and trains. Determinant factors investigated included wind speed, cabin ventilation (automobiles only) and traffic volume. The results showed that concentrations varied significantly as a consequence of transport mode, vehicle type and ventilation characteristics. The effects of wind speed were minimal relative to those of traffic volume (especially heavy diesel vehicles) and cabin ventilation, with the latter proving to be a strong determinant of UFP ingress into automobiles. The effect of 70 minutes of commuting on total daily exposure was estimated using a range of UFP concentrations reported for several microenvironments. A hypothetical Sydney resident commuting by automobile and spending 8.5 minutes of their day in the M5 East tunnel could incur anywhere from a lower limit of 3-11% to an upper limit of 37-69% of daily UFP exposure during a return commute, depending on the concentrations they encountered in other microenvironments, the type of vehicle they used and the ventilation setting selected. However, commute-time exposures at either extreme of the values presented are unlikely to occur in practice. The range of exposures estimated for other transport modes were comparable to those of automobiles, and in the case of buses, higher than automobiles.

An Investigation of Commuter Exposure to Ultrafine Particles in Sydney

Air pollution levels were monitored continuously over a period of 4 weeks
at four sampling sites along a busy urban corridor in Brisbane. The selected
sites were representative of industrial and residential types of urban
environment affected by vehicular traffic emissions. The concentration levels
of submicrometer particle number, PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NOx were
measured 5-10 meters from the road. Meteorological parameters and traffic
flow rates were also monitored. The data were analysed in terms of the
relationship between monitored pollutants and existing ambient air quality
standards. The results indicate that the concentration levels of all pollutants
exceeded the ambient air background levels, in certain cases by up to an
order of magnitude. While the 24-hr average concentration levels did not
exceed the standard, estimates for the annual averages were close to, or
even higher than the annual standard levels.

/pdf/air-pollution-levels-measured-at-traffic-hot-spots-brisbane-50ahmronir.pdf

Air pollution levels measured at traffic hot spots : Brisbane urban corridor study

Indoor air quality is very important for office workers’ exposure levels. There is a large body of literature showing that pollutants in indoor air have an effect on health (Sundell, 2008), with cardiovascular and respiratory disorders often linked to particle exposure. Other responses, such as damage to the central nervous system by ultrafine particles (UFP), have also been suggested. Both indoor and outdoor particle sources can affect indoor particle concentration levels, however these effects could be influenced by variety conditions and may be building-specific. This study investigated indoor and outdoor (I/O) particle concentration levels and diurnal variations, as well as the effect of indoor and outdoor particle sources on indoor air quality in a new four level office building, with an elevated busway in close proximity (about 10 m) to the air intake of the building’s ventilation system. Further to this, size dependent filtration efficiencies for two of the existing HVAC systems were also tested.

Lidia Morawska

Papers

Introduction to sampling and measurement techniques

The hygroscopic growth of polydisperse salt, organic and environmental tobacco smoke aerosols for different residence times

An Investigation of Commuter Exposure to Ultrafine Particles in Sydney

Air pollution levels measured at traffic hot spots : Brisbane urban corridor study

The Effect of indoor and outdoor particle sources on indoor air quality of a new multilevel office building in the vicinity of a busway