Exploring and identifying structure is even more important for multivariate data than univariate data, given the difficulties in graphically presenting multivariate data and the comparative lack of parametric models to represent it. Unfortunately, such exploration is also inherently more difficult.

Multivariate Density Estimation

Background: Cybersecurity is increasingly becoming a prominent concern among healthcare providers in adopting digital technologies for improving the quality of care delivered to patients. The recent reports on cyber attacks, such as ransomware and WannaCry, have brought to life the destructive nature of such attacks upon healthcare. In complement to cyberattacks, which have been targeted against the vulnerabilities of information technology (IT) infrastructures, a new form of cyber attack aims to exploit human vulnerabilities; such attacks are categorised as social engineering attacks. Following an increase in the frequency and ingenuity of attacks launched against hospitals and clinical environments with the intention of causing service disruption, there is a strong need to study the level of awareness programmes and training activities offered to the staff by healthcare organisations. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to identify commonly encountered factors that cybersecurity postures of a healthcare organisation, resulting from the ignorance of cyber threat to healthcare. The systematic review aims to consolidate the current literature being reported upon human behaviour resulting in security gaps that mitigate the cyber defence strategy adopted by healthcare organisations. Additionally, the paper also reviews the organisational risk assessment methodology implemented and the policies being adopted to strengthen cybersecurity. Methods: The topic of cybersecurity within healthcare and the clinical environment has attracted the interest of several researchers, resulting in a broad range of literature. The inclusion criteria for the articles in the review stem from the scope of the five research questions identified. To this end, we conducted seven search queries across three repositories, namely (i) PubMed®/MED-LINE; (ii) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); and (iii) Web of Science (WoS), using key words related to cybersecurity awareness, training, organisation risk assessment methodologies, policies and recommendations adopted as counter measures within health care. These were restricted to around the last 12 years. Results: A total of 70 articles were selected to be included in the review, which addresses the complexity of cybersecurity measures adopted within the healthcare and clinical environments. The articles included in the review highlight the evolving nature of cybersecurity threats stemming from exploiting IT infrastructures to more advanced attacks launched with the intent of exploiting human vulnerability. A steady increase in the literature on the threat of phishing attacks evidences the growing threat of social engineering attacks. As a countermeasure, through the review, we identified articles that provide methodologies resulting from case studies to promote cybersecurity awareness among stakeholders. The articles included highlight the need to adopt cyber hygiene practices among healthcare professionals while accessing social media platforms, which forms an ideal test bed for the attackers to gain insight into the life of healthcare professionals. Additionally, the review also includes articles that present strategies adopted by healthcare organisations in countering the impact of social engineering attacks. The evaluation of the cybersecurity risk assessment of an organisation is another key area of study reported in the literature that recommends the organisation of European and international standards in countering social engineering attacks. Lastly, the review includes articles reporting on national case studies with an overview of the economic and societal impact of service disruptions encountered due to cyberattacks. Discussion: One of the limitations of the review is the subjective ranking of the authors associated to the relevance of literature to each of the research questions identified. We also acknowledge the limited amount of literature that focuses on human factors of cybersecurity in health care in general; therefore, the search queries were formulated using well-established cybersecurity related topics categorised according to the threats, risk assessment and organisational strategies reported in the literature.

Influence of Human Factors on Cyber Security within Healthcare Organisations: A Systematic Review.

Three-dimensional weights of evidence-based prospectivity modeling: A case study of the Baixiangshan mining area, Ningwu Basin, Middle and Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, China

Primary B-tree, a variant of B-tree structure with row data in leaf blocks, is an ideal storage organization for queries involving exact match and/or range search on primary keys. Commercially, primary B-tree like structures have been supported in DBMSs like Compaq Non-Stop SQL, Sybase Adaptive Server, and Microsoft SQL Server. Oracle’s index-organized table is like a primary B-tree; however, it differs from its commercial counterparts in the following respects: 1) The storage organization does not require the entire row to be stored in the primary key index. Infrequently accessed columns can be selectively pushed into an overflow storage area to speed up access to columns that are frequently accessed. 2) Secondary indexes on index-organized tables support logical primary key-based row identifiers, and still provide performance comparable to secondary indexes with physical row identifiers by storing and making use of guess-DBA (Database Block Address). 3) Support for primary key compression leads to reduced storage requirements. This paper presents the index-organized table storage option in Oracle8i with emphasis on the novel aspects mentioned above. The applicability of index-organized tables to new domains such as the Internet, E-Commerce and Data Warehousing is discussed. A performance study is presented, that validates the clustering benefits of Oracle’s primary B-tree implementation, and characterizes the impact of overflow storage area, guess-DBA use in secondary B-tree indexes, and primary key compression.

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Oracle8i Index-Organized Table and Its Application to New Domains

Data mining techniques are becoming indispensable as the amount and complexity of available data is rapidly growing. Visual data mining techniques attempt to include a human observer in the loop and leverage human perception for knowledge extraction. This is commonly allowed by performing a dimensionality reduction into a visually easy-to-perceive 2D space, which might result in significant loss of important spatial and topological information. To address this issue, this paper presents the design and implementation of a unique 3D visual data mining framework - CAVE-SOM. The CAVE-SOM system couples the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm with the immersive Cave Automated Virtual Environment (CAVE). The main advantages of the CAVE-SOM system are: i) utilizing a 3D SOM to perform dimensionality reduction of large multi-dimensional datasets, ii) immersive visualization of the trained 3D SOM, iii) ability to explore and interact with the multi-dimensional data in an intuitive and natural way. The CAVE-SOM system uses multiple visualization modes to guide the visual data mining process, for instance the data histograms, U-matrix, connections, separations, uniqueness and the input space view. The implemented CAVE-SOM framework was validated on several benchmark problems and then successfully applied to analysis of wind-power generation data. The knowledge extracted using the CAVE-SOM system can be used for further informed decision making and machine learning.

CAVE-SOM: Immersive visual data mining using 3D Self-Organizing Maps

A framework for competence development and assessment in hybrid cybersecurity exercises

The rapid development of new technologies requires a new set of skills from all users in operating, using, and maintaining digitised environments. Curriculum design in the field of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) undergoes a rapid change as technological achievements do influence education. The aim of the article was to present research results on the mappings of learning outcomes to taxonomies to evolve from requirement-based assessment to competency-based assessment. The research was carried out on the problem-based learning (PBL) module. The article presents a novel PBL model design with activities and evaluation schema. The developed model could be used to guide the curricula design of information technologies for generic competencies, and to foster skills essential for the future ICT sector.

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Competency Assessment in Problem-Based Learning Projects of Information Technologies Students

An Optimal (k,n)Visual Secret Sharing Scheme for Information Security

https://vbn.aau.dk/files/34399/2003_boehlenCSDAj.pdf

Linas Bukauskas

Papers

A framework for competence development and assessment in hybrid cybersecurity exercises

Competency Assessment in Problem-Based Learning Projects of Information Technologies Students

An Optimal (k,n)Visual Secret Sharing Scheme for Information Security

3D visual data mining: goals and experiences

A New Efficient TKHC-based Image Sharing Scheme over Unsecured Channel