Author
Liria Grimaldi
Bio: Liria Grimaldi is an academic researcher from University of Catania. The author has contributed to research in topics: Attachment theory & Personality. The author has an hindex of 5, co-authored 10 publications receiving 1063 citations.
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Bradley University1, University of Tartu2, National Institutes of Health3, University of California4, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile5, University of Louisville6, University of Latvia7, Pennsylvania State University8, Slovak Academy of Sciences9, University of San Carlos10, University of Malta11, Ghent University12, Clemson University13, Laval University14, University of Buenos Aires15, Osaka University16, Illinois State University17, National Autonomous University of Mexico18, University of Brasília19, University of Western Australia20, University of Lima21, Boğaziçi University22, University of Kassel23, York University24, University of Queensland25, Åbo Akademi University26, Al Akhawayn University27, University of Hawaii at Manoa28, University of Catania29, University of Otago30, University of Dhaka31, Chemnitz University of Technology32, Knox College33, Comenius University in Bratislava34, University of Rijeka35, University of Malaya36, Vilnius University37, American University of Beirut38, Kwangju Health College39, University of Salzburg40, Utrecht University41, National Computerization Agency42, City University of Hong Kong43, University of Idaho44, University of Zimbabwe45, University of Lisbon46, University of Central Lancashire47, Loyola Marymount University48, University of KwaZulu-Natal49, University of Granada50, University of Botswana51, Babeș-Bolyai University52, University of Cyprus53, University of Belgrade54, KPMG55, University of Montpellier56, University of Zurich57, University of Alabama58, Baylor University59, Queen's University Belfast60, University of Ljubljana61, University of Haifa62, University of La Serena63, Florida Atlantic University64, University of California, Davis65, University of Dar es Salaam66, Ramapo College67, Cyprus College68, Middle East Technical University69, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń70, University of the South Pacific71, Vrije Universiteit Brussel72, University at Albany, SUNY73, University of the Aegean74, University of Lethbridge75, University of Vienna76, University of Hong Kong77, Yuan Ze University78, Charles University in Prague79, Chonnam National University80, Indian Institutes of Technology81
TL;DR: The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report measure designed to assess the high-order personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report measure designed to assess the high-order personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, the BFI was translated from English into 28 languages and administered to 17,837 individuals from 56 nations. The resulting cross-cultural data set was used to address three main questions: Does the factor structure of the English BFI fully replicate across cultures? How valid are the BFI trait profiles of individual nations? And how are personality traits distributed throughout the world? The five-dimensional structure was robust across major regions of the world. Trait levels were related in predictable ways to self-esteem, sociosexuality, and national personality profiles. People from the geographic regions of South America and East Asia were significantly different in openness from those inhabiting other world regions. The discussion focuses on limitations of t...
876 citations
Bradley University1, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile2, University of Tartu3, University of Louisville4, University of Latvia5, University of New Mexico6, Slovak Academy of Sciences7, University of San Carlos8, University of Malta9, Ghent University10, Clemson University11, University of Buenos Aires12, Osaka University13, Illinois State University14, National Autonomous University of Mexico15, University of Brasília16, University of Western Australia17, University of Lima18, Boğaziçi University19, University of Kassel20, University of York21, University of Queensland22, Åbo Akademi University23, Al Akhawayn University24, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur25, University of Hawaii at Manoa26, University of Catania27, University of Otago28, University of Dhaka29, Chemnitz University of Technology30, Knox College31, Comenius University in Bratislava32, University of Rijeka33, University of Malaya34, Vilnius University35, American University of Beirut36, Kwangju Health College37, University of Salzburg38, Utrecht University39, National Computerization Agency40, City University of Hong Kong41, University of Idaho42, University of Zimbabwe43, University of Lisbon44, University of Central Lancashire45, Loyola Marymount University46, University of Natal47, University of Granada48, University of Botswana49, University of Jordan50, Babeș-Bolyai University51, University of Cyprus52, University of Belgrade53, KPMG54, University of Montpellier55, University of Zurich56, University of Alabama57, Baylor University58, Queen's University Belfast59, University of Ljubljana60, University of Haifa61, University of La Serena62, Florida Atlantic University63, University of California, Davis64, University of Dar es Salaam65, Ramapo College66, Cyprus College67, Middle East Technical University68, University of the South Pacific69, VU University Amsterdam70, State University of New York System71, University of the Aegean72, Vrije Universiteit Brussel73, University of Lethbridge74, University of Vienna75, University of Hong Kong76, Yuan Ze University77, Charles University in Prague78, Chonnam National University79
TL;DR: In the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completed the RelationshipQuestionnaire (RQ), a self-report measure of adult romantic attachment as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies.
314 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This book presents a specific approach to Different Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence, and discusses setting and procedures, and Trans-cultural Aspects of the Therapist's Formation.
Abstract: Part I: Scientific Foundations. Part II: Clinical Applications. Setting and procedures. Processes. The Therapist's Formation. Trans-cultural Aspects. Part III: Specific Approach to Different Disorders. Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence. Substance Related Disorders. Schizophrenia. Mood Disorders. Anxiety Disorders. Dissociative Disorders. Sexual Disorders. Eating Disorders. Sleep Disorders. Adjustment Disorders. Personality Disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine. Author Index. Author Index.
8 citations
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors detect, at least, three different approaches which originated from as many Schools of Cognitive Psychotherapy, characterised by different epistemological, theoretical and clinical viewpoints.
Abstract: Even though Cognitive Psychotherapy still constitutes a recent, scientific and clinical movement, it is possible to detect, at least, three different approaches which originated from as many Schools of Cognitive Psychotherapy, characterised by different epistemological, theoretical and clinical viewpoints.
6 citations
TL;DR: The authors found some specific, different patterns among the three groups concerning arousal, human information processing and attachment among schizophrenic patients and cluster A personality disorders.
Abstract: The authors have conducted a research program on the interface between psychophysiology and cognitive therapy for a number of years Here, they describe a recent study concerning schizophrenia and cluster A personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal) They studied some psychophysiological parameters such as evoked brain potentials and electrodermal activity as well as other aspects concerning parenting This last topic was investigated by means of the parental bonding instrument Three groups participated in this study: 10 schizophrenic patients, 10 patients affected by cluster A personality disorders (5 paranoid, 1 schizoid and 4 schizotypal) and 10 controls The authors found some specific, different patterns among the three groups concerning arousal, human information processing and attachment These results are discussed in the light of their implications for cognitive therapy The authors give different guidelines for cognitive therapy of schizophrenic patients and cluster A personality disorder This study is part of our ongoing research program to develop an experimental psychological approach to treating clinical problems, with the goal of obtaining results that could be useful in cognitive therapy From the inception of our work in the late 1970s, we took a particular interest in the areas of experimental and clinical psychophysiology on one hand and cognitive therapy on the other (Scrimali & Rapisarda, 1978; Scrimali, Rapisarda, Cardillo, & Macauda, 1977) In this article we will present a study which illustrates the interface between psychophysiology and cognitive psychotherapy We will show how certain psychophysiological data have important implications for the development of specific cognitive treatments for schizophrenic patients and patients with cluster A personality disorders Since the late 1980s, we have developed a cognitive, psychosocial, and biological approach to schizophrenia (Grimaldi & Scrimali, 1992; Grimaldi & Scrimali, 1993; Scrimali, 1994; Scrimali & Grimaldi, 1994; Scrimali, Grimaldi & Filippone, 1989; Scrimali, Grimaldi, Freeman & Boyll, 1994) Our complex cognitive model describing the psychopathology of schizophrenia takes into account some biological, psychological and social factors that determine vulnerability involving certain prenatal and genetic factors as well as the patterns of parenting that are established during childhood development (Callaway & Naghdi, 1986; Corcoran & Frith, 1993; Cutting, 1985; Frith, 1992; Gruzelier, 1984, 1991; Kendler & Gruenberg, 1982; Liotti, 1984; McGue, Gottesman, & Rao, 1985; Risner, Karas, & Ginath, 1993; Scrimali & Grimaldi, 1991, 1993) An acute crisis may arise if the patient is exposed to idiosyncratic life events (Tarrier, Vaughn, & Lader 1979; Zubin & Spring, 1977) Regarding personality disorders, a cognitive model has recently been developed by Beck and Freeman who proposed a new approach to psychopathology and psychotherapy with these referring to both genetic and interpersonal components (Freeman, 1986) The genetic aspect refers to genetically determined temperamental patterns and is therefore already present at birth, although subsequently modified by environmental factors (Torgersen, 1985; Webb & Levinson, 1993) With respect to the interpersonal component, great importance is attributed to the influence of parenting Even if Beck and Freeman do not explicitly refer to attachment theory, it seems evident that important emotional and interpersonal experiences during the life span are the result of parenting (Bowlby,1969; 1977) Ferris (1993) describes a series of cognitive deficiencies which have been identified in schizophrenic patients and that could also be common, although less pronounced, in patients with cluster A personality disorders Such deficiencies could be difficult in identifying relevant stimuli within a context of an irrelevant noise pattern, diminished capacity in abstract thinking, and a diminished performance of shortterm memory …
5 citations
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Book•
08 Sep 2020TL;DR: A review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species – frequent outliers.
Abstract: Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.
6,370 citations
Journal Article•
5,680 citations
4,204 citations
TL;DR: The evidence strongly suggests that exposure to violent video games is a causal risk factor for increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect and for decreased empathy and prosocial behavior.
Abstract: Meta-analytic procedures were used to test the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, empathy/desensitization, and prosocial behavior. Unique features of this meta-analytic review include (a) more restrictive methodological quality inclusion criteria than in past meta-analyses; (b) cross-cultural comparisons; (c) longitudinal studies for all outcomes except physiological arousal; (d) conservative statistical controls; (e) multiple moderator analyses; and (f) sensitivity analyses. Social-cognitive models and cultural differences between Japan and Western countries were used to generate theory-based predictions. Meta-analyses yielded significant effects for all 6 outcome variables. The pattern of results for different outcomes and research designs (experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal) fit theoretical predictions well. The evidence strongly suggests that exposure to violent video games is a causal risk factor for increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect and for decreased empathy and prosocial behavior. Moderator analyses revealed significant research design effects, weak evidence of cultural differences in susceptibility and type of measurement effects, and no evidence of sex differences in susceptibility. Results of various sensitivity analyses revealed these effects to be robust, with little evidence of selection (publication) bias.
1,667 citations
TL;DR: Overall, higher levels of human development--including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth--were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality.
Abstract: Previous research suggested that sex differences in personality traits are larger in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities equal with those of men. In this article, the authors report cross-cultural findings in which this unintuitive result was replicated across samples from 55 nations (N 17,637). On responses to the Big Five Inventory, women reported higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness than did men across most nations. These findings converge with previous studies in which different Big Five measures and more limited samples of nations were used. Overall, higher levels of human development—including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth—were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality. Changes in men’s personality traits appeared to be the primary cause of sex difference variation across cultures. It is proposed that heightened levels of sexual dimorphism result from personality traits of men and women being less constrained and more able to naturally diverge in developed nations. In less fortunate social and economic conditions, innate personality differences between men and women may be attenuated.
1,121 citations