National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

A prevalent and pervasive view of designing is that it can be modeled using variables and decisions made about what values should be taken by these variables. The activity of designing is carried out with the expectation that the designed artifact will operate in the natural world and the social world. These worlds impose constraints on the variables and their values; so, design could be described as a goal-oriented, constrained, decision- making activity. However, design distinguish- es itself from other similarly described activities not only by its domain but also by additional necessary features. Designing involves exploration, exploring what variables might be appropriate. The process of explo- ration involves both goal variables and deci- sion variables. In addition, designing involves learning: Part of the exploration activity is learning about emerging features as a design proceeds. Finally, design activity occurs within two contexts: the context within which the designer operates and the context produced by the developing design itself. The designer’s perception of what the context is affects the implication of the context on the design. The context shifts as the designer’s perceptions change. Design activity can be now characterized as a goal-oriented, con- strained, decision-making, exploration, and learning activity that operates within a con- text that depends on the designer’s percep- tion of the context.

Design Prototypes: A Knowledge Representation Schema for Design

Digital twin can be defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and improved decision making. Recent advances in computational pipelines, multiphysics solvers, artificial intelligence, big data cybernetics, data processing and management tools bring the promise of digital twins and their impact on society closer to reality. Digital twinning is now an important and emerging trend in many applications. Also referred to as a computational megamodel, device shadow, mirrored system, avatar or a synchronized virtual prototype, there can be no doubt that a digital twin plays a transformative role not only in how we design and operate cyber-physical intelligent systems, but also in how we advance the modularity of multi-disciplinary systems to tackle fundamental barriers not addressed by the current, evolutionary modeling practices. In this work, we review the recent status of methodologies and techniques related to the construction of digital twins mostly from a modeling perspective. Our aim is to provide a detailed coverage of the current challenges and enabling technologies along with recommendations and reflections for various stakeholders.

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Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective

https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/preview/909609/1.%20ADVEI-D-16-00028R2.pdf

Big Data in the construction industry

Augmented Reality (AR) interfaces have been studied extensively over the last few decades, with a growing number of user-based experiments. In this paper, we systematically review 10 years of the most influential AR user studies, from 2005 to 2014. A total of 291 papers with 369 individual user studies have been reviewed and classified based on their application areas. The primary contribution of the review is to present the broad landscape of user-based AR research, and to provide a high-level view of how that landscape has changed. We summarize the high-level contributions from each category of papers, and present examples of the most influential user studies. We also identify areas where there have been few user studies, and opportunities for future research. Among other things, we find that there is a growing trend toward handheld AR user studies, and that most studies are conducted in laboratory settings and do not involve pilot testing. This research will be useful for AR researchers who want to follow best practices in designing their own AR user studies.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-10-years-of-augmented-reality-1zfm5ljlgk.pdf

A Systematic Review of 10 Years of Augmented Reality Usability Studies: 2005 to 2014

Research has identified various beneficial capabilities for augmented reality technologies in the AEC industry such as virtual site visits, comparing as-built and as-planned status of projects, pre-empting schedule disputes, enhancing collaboration opportunities, and planning/training for similar projects. This paper provides an expanded foundation for future research by presenting a statistical review of augmented reality technology in the AEC industry. The review is based on articles found within eight well-known journals in architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC/FM) until the end of the year 2012. The review further narrows the literature within these journals by considering only those 133 articles found through a key word search for “augmented reality.” The selected journal articles are classified within the following dimensions: improvement focus, industry sector, target audience, project phase, stage of technology maturity, application area, comparison role, and technology. The number of articles within these dimensions are used to identify maturing and emerging trends in the literature as well as to synthesize the current state-of-the-art of augmented reality research in the AEC industry. In summary, the AR literature has increasingly focused on the demonstration of visualization and simulation applications for comparison of as-planned versus as-built statuses of the project during the construction phase to monitor project progress and address issues faced by field workers. In addition, the future trend is toward using web-based mobile augmented systems for field construction monitoring.

/pdf/review-and-analysis-of-augmented-reality-literature-for-56tpmmut39.pdf

Review and analysis of augmented reality literature for construction industry

A series of eleven case studies were gathered from across Canada in the summer of 2002. These case studies define an initial compendium of Best Practice in the use of information technology (IT) in Canada. The professionals interviewed included architects, engineers, general contractors, and owners. Many of them are at the cutting edge in their use of IT. The documentation of their pioneering use of IT can demonstrate how useful these technologies can be and what potential pitfalls are of concern. The case studies cover architecture, engineering, construction management, and specialized contractors. The following technologies were demonstrated: 3D CAD; custom Web sites; commercial Web portals; and in-house software development. No case was found that used wireless communication or standardized data formats such as IFCs or CIMSteel. The following issues were identified: the electronic distribution of documents is more efficient and cheaper; the short time-line and the tight budgets make it difficult to introduce new technologies on projects; the industry is locked in one CAD system and it is difficult to introduce new ones; it is costly to maintain trained CAD and IT personnel; and companies that lag behind reduce the potential benefits of IT. Still, the industry could achieve substantial benefits from the adoption of IT if it would be more widespread.

/pdf/case-studies-on-the-use-of-information-technology-in-the-4m8edbg2at.pdf

Case studies on the use of information technology in the canadian construction industry

IT support of single project, multi-project and industry-wide integration

Historically the selection of contractors in North America was almost exclusively based on the lowest tendered price. Owners utilized competitive tendering for its simplicity and fairness in the aw...

Contractor selection: qualification and bid evaluation

Sustainable construction advocates efficient use of resources during the design, construction and operation phases for high performance, energy efficient buildings to minimize environmental impacts. This is accomplished through the application of comprehensive management strategies, whose direct effect is the creation of healthy and productive working environments for building occupants. In this paper, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is addressed and it is argued that the use and development of ICT is essential for the construction industry, particularly in the area of adoption of standards. The discussion has a focus on the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. A case study has been documented to determine the impact of applying the LEED rating system beginning at project initiation. This was followed by a series of analyses of the case to identify opportunities for ICT support. The primary aim of the research described in this paper is to present the proposed framework which can be used to analyse the potential of applying ICT for the implementation of new standards in the construction industry.

/pdf/a-framework-to-identify-opportunities-for-ict-support-when-31xi2jd23y.pdf

Lloyd M. Waugh

Papers

Review and analysis of augmented reality literature for construction industry

Case studies on the use of information technology in the canadian construction industry

IT support of single project, multi-project and industry-wide integration

Contractor selection: qualification and bid evaluation

A framework to identify opportunities for ict support when implementing sustainable design standards