Lori Turk-Bicakci

Bio: Lori Turk-Bicakci is an academic researcher from University of California, Riverside. The author has contributed to research in topics: Higher education & Liberal arts education. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 6 publications receiving 398 citations.

From the Liberal to the Practical Arts in American Colleges and Universities: Organizational Analysis and Curricular Change.

Abstract: One of the most important changes in American higher education over the last 30 years has been the gradual shrinking of the old arts and sciences core of undergraduate education and the expansion of occupational and professional programs. Occupational fields have accounted for approximately 60% of bachelors’ degrees in recent years, up from 45% in the 1960s, and hundreds of institutions now award 80% or more of their degrees in these fields (Brint, 2001) The arts and sciences originated historically for the pursuit of knowledge “for its own sake” and, simultaneously, as the educational foundation for youths preparing to occupy positions of power and influence in society. They include the basic fields of science and scholarship, such as chemistry, economics, history, literature, mathematics, philosophy, and political science. By contrast, programs in occupational fields are designed to educate students for jobs—in business, education, engineering, nursing, public administration, and many others. These applied programs are often housed in their own professional schools or colleges distinct from colleges of arts and sciences. In this paper, we will sometimes refer to these programs collectively as the “practical arts,” a term

Expanding the Social Frame of Knowledge: Interdisciplinary, Degree-Granting Fields in American Colleges and Universities, 1975-2000.

Abstract: The number of interdisciplinary, degree-granting fields in American colleges and universities has grown rapidly, with socially incorporative programs (women’s studies, ethnic studies, and non-Western area studies) accounting for a large share. These fields have diffused widely over time, while other interdisciplinary fields have not. Variables based on ecological features of academic organizations provide a better guide to the location of interdisciplinary fields than variables based on student demographic composition or organizational stratification. Most studies of interdisciplinary change have focused on external resource providers and new technology development, but this study suggests that social movements are another important source.

General Education Models: Continuity and Change in the U.S. Undergraduate Curriculum, 1975–2000

Abstract: General education requirements comprise, on average, approximately 30% of the undergraduate curriculum and therefore represent an important feature of the student academic experience in American colleges and universities. Previous studies have not fully examined the origins of the most important models of general education, the distribution of these models among higher education institutions, or the causes for change in general education requirements over time. In this study we describe and analyze the organization of general education requirements in U.S. four-year colleges and universities over a 25-year period, 1975 –2000. We show that four models of general education persisted throughout the period. We will label these the “core distribution areas,” “traditional liberal arts,” “cultures and ethics,” and “civic/utilitarian” models. We show that two of these models arose near the beginning date of the study. The rise of these new models is one important change in general education. Another is the addition of new subject requirements, particularly in areas related to basic academic skills, gender and racial-ethnic diversity, and non-Western cultures. These course-level changes, we will argue, reflect

University–industry collaboration: Patterns of growth for low- and middle-level performers

Abstract: Following landmark legislation passed more than 20 years ago, university–industry relationships have now become central to understanding the changing role of research universities in American Society. The paper analyzes the development of university–industry partnerships during the 1990s. Past studies have used a broad array of measures of ties and a variety of research methodologies, but they have shared a focus on top collaborators or on samples of universities skewed toward the top. However, findings based on top collaborators may not be valid for other universities. Universities involved in mid- to low-levels of collaboration are qualitatively different in many ways from the more extensively studied set of top collaborators, suggesting that characteristics affecting university–industry ties may not be the same for these institutions. The paper shifts the focus away from top collaborators to this sizable and less studied majority. In general, we find that the same characteristics predicting high levels of involvement for the sample as a whole also predict high levels of involvement for the sub-sample of mid- and low-level collaborators. However, We find some particular characteristics of these institutions, such as land grant status, are also associated with stronger ties to industry, and that some characteristics of 25 top institutions do not predict the level of involvement of these lower-level collaborators. We will discuss whether the licensing of new technology is likely ever to become an important source of net revenues for current middle and low-level collaborators. Our findings raise doubts about whether many universities below the top 25 will earn substantial net revenues from licensing, though they do not dispute the potential service value of these ties. The study is based on examination of a wide range of potential influences on university–industry collaboration for institutions that are not currently among the most heavily involved in partnerships. These include status, other institutional characteristics (such as size and control), investment in science and engineering, and characteristics of offices or technology transfer.

University-Industry Collaboration: Patterns of Growth for Low- and Middle-Level Performers

Abstract: Since landmark U.S. legislation of the 1980s, university-industry partnerships have become crucial to understanding the changing role of research universities in the U.S. Using a broad array of measures and research methodologies, past studies have focused on top collaborators among universities. Such studies may not be valid for universities involved in mid- to low-levels of collaborations because they are qualitatively different from the more-studied group of top collaborators. This study focuses on these mid- to low-level universities. Data from the Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) is used to investigate trends for the 1990s, and for institutional attributes for high- and low-levels of collaboration for 2000.Measures used for university-industry ties are (1) funds received for research and development, (2) number of licenses, and (3) amount of licensing income. Characteristics of mid- to low-level collaborators considered include status, institution size and control, investment in science and engineering, and characteristics of technology transfer offices. The study finds that the same characteristics that predict high levels of involvement for the sample as a whole also predict such high levels for the mid- and low-level collaborators. Also, certain characteristics of these universities (such as their land grant status) are associated with stronger ties to industries, and that some characteristics of the top universities do not predict the involvement level of the lower-level collaborators. Also considered is whether licensing of new technology will become an important revenue source for current mid- and low-level collaborators. The findings question whether many universities below the top-tier will earn substantial revenues from licensing, although these ties may have service value.(TNM)

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

Abstract: What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

Generalized Estimating Equations

Abstract: Christensen, R. (2002), Plane Answers to Complex Questions: The Theory of Linear Models (3rd ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag. Crocker, D. C. (1980), Review of Linear Regression Analysis, by G. A. F. Seber, Technometrics, 22, 130. Datta, B. N. (1995), Numerical Linear Algebra and Applications, PaciŽ c Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Draper, N. R. (2002), “Applied Regression Analysis Bibliography Update 2000–2001,” Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods, 2051– 2075. Golub, G. H., and Van Loan, C. F. (1996), Matrix Computations (3rd ed.), Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Graybill, F. A. (2000), Theory and Application of the Linear Model, PaciŽ c Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Hocking, R. R. (2003), Methods and Applications of Linear Models: Regression and the Analysis of Variance (2nd ed.), New York: Wiley. Porat, B. (1993), Digital Processing of Random Signals, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Ravishanker, N., and Dey, D. K. (2002), A First Course in Linear Model Theory, Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall/CRC. White, H. (1984), Asymptotic Theory for Econometricians, Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Institutional change and healthcare organizations: from professional dominance to managed care

Abstract: From an historical and sociological perspective, ‘integrated care’ has emerged as part of institutional efforts to break up professional fiefdoms, especially of subspecialists entrenched in hospitals, and to reorganise services around clinically integrated pathways and services for the patients. It was the more enlightened part of what I have called the ‘buyers’ revolt’, which occurred in the 1980s when those who had long paid the bills (insurers, governments, employers) became so fed up by the waste, excesses, and variability of services delivered under professional dominance that they started to take forceful action w1x. This book is a masterpiece of historical work and organisational analysis of that revolt at its centre, the San Francisco Bay area.

Universities-Industry Collaboration: A Systematic Review

Abstract: The collaboration between universities and the industry is increasingly perceived as a vehicle to enhance innovation through knowledge exchange. This is evident by a significant increase in studies that investigate the topic from different perspectives. However, this body of knowledge is still described as fragmented and lacks efficient comprehensive view. To address this gap, we employed a systematic procedure to review the literature on universities-industry collaboration (UIC). The review resulted in identifying five key aspects, which underpinned the theory of UIC. We integrate these key aspects into an overarching process framework, which together with the review, provide a substantial contribution by creating an integrated analysis of the state of literature concerning this phenomenon. Several research avenues are reported as distilled from the analysis.