Realists have long viewed uneven rates of growth among states as a major cause of wars. According to strict logic of realpolitik, a declining dominant power should launch a preventive war against a rising challenger as a prudent long-term security strategy. But historically, power shifts have only sometimes resulted in war. Although preventive war has been the preferred response of declining authoritarian leaders, no democracy has ever initiated such a war. Instead, depending on the regime type of the rising challenger, democratic states have chosen accommodation, defensive alliances, or internal balancing to solve the problem of impending decline. In addition to establishing the correlation between preventive war and authoritarian regimes and explaining why democratic states forgo this option, this essay (1) develops a model based on the domestic structures of the leader and challenger that predicts which strategy will be employed by a declining dominant power and (2) tests the propositions against historical survey data and several in-depth case studies.

Domestic Structure and Preventive War: Are Democracies More Pacific?

~ Offensive military doctrines threaten international stability.’ World War I vividly illustrates how a crisis can spark a major war that might have been avoided if the major players had had defensive rather than offensive doctrines. Similarly, throughout the Cold War, the Soviet Army’s offensive doctrine in Europe fueled the arms race and heightened threat perception. The choice between offensive and defensive military doctrines is at least as important now as during the Cold War. Although restructuring military doctrines along defensive orientations will not erase ethnic hostilities or suspend territorial appetites, it could remove one of the structural impediments to cooperation in the post-Cold War world. Yet an adequate explanation for why states choose offensive or defensive military doctrines remains elusive. Many scholars credit civilian policymakers with formulating doctrine wellsuited to the state’s strategic environment, and blame the armed services’ parochial interests for the sometimes disastrous choice of offensive doctrines.2 However, using illustrations from doctrinal developments in the French army during the 1920s and 1930s, this article challenges this portrait of the role of civilians and military in choices between offensive and defensive military doctrines. Even during times of increased international threat, I argue, the international system is indeterminate of choices between offensive and defensive military doctrines; civilians intervene infrequently in doctrinal develop-

Culture and Military Doctrine: France between the Wars

: Military historian Williamson Murray has prepared this selected bibliography as a guide to the vast body of military histories and as a reading program that could extend our understanding and comprehension of that terrible, yet intriguing, human phenomenon that is war. JAWP) is making it available to those individuals in DoD and the Services who feel that history can shed light on the problems they confront today. The bibliography is derived from the substantial literature on European and American military history The works were chosen for a variety of reasons: quality of scholarship, point of view subject matter, and readability. They are categorized by period and subject matter, and given a rating by the author. The first chapter contains an annotated list of twenty-five books that Dr. Murray considers essential to the library of a warfighter, scholar, or student of military history.

/pdf/military-history-a-selected-bibliography-r6ncnemii9.pdf

Military History: A Selected Bibliography

The First World War and German National Identity is an original and carefully researched study of the coalition between Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary during the First World War. Focusing on the attitudes taken by governmental circles, politically active groups, intellectuals, and the broader public towards the German-speaking population in the Habsburg Monarchy, Jan Vermeiren explores how the war challenged established notions of German national identity and history. In this context, he also sheds new light on key issues in the military and the diplomatic relationship between Berlin and Vienna, re-examining the German war aims debate and presenting many new insights into German-Hungarian and German-Slav relations in the period. The book is a major contribution to German and Central European history and will be of great interest to scholars of the First World War and the complex relationship between war and society. -Comprehensive study of the alliance between Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary during the First World War, focusing not just on military and diplomatic history, but also on the social and cultural dimension -Provides a reassessment of German war ideology and nationalism, enhancing understanding of the war's significance, and defeat, for German history and identity -Offers an in-depth survey of the special relationship between Berlin and Vienna, relating this to questions of national identity

The First World War and German National Identity: The Dual Alliance at War

This paper examines whether schooling has a causal impact on individuals’ political interest, voting turnout, democratic values, political involvement and political membership, using two national representative samples. Between 1949 and 1969 the number of compulsory years of schooling was increased from eight to nine years in the Federal Republic of Germany, gradually over time and across federal states. These legislative changes allow one to investigate the causal impact of years of schooling on citizenship in a young democracy. Years of schooling are found to be positively correlated with a broad range of citizenship outcomes. However, when exogenous increase in schooling through legislative changes is used, there is little evidence of a causal efiect. Several potential explanations are examined: (1) poor or apolitical teaching practices in the post-war period; (2) shortages of qualifled teachers and adequate teaching material; (3) extra-curricular civic education; and (4) whether civic knowledge might have been acquired prior to the increase in schooling. The estimates reject the flrst three explanations, whereas ample historical evidence is in favour of the hypothesis that the fundamentals of democracy were learned already earlier in school.

Schooling and Citizenship in a Young Democracy: Evidence from Postwar Germany

Ein Volk von Opfern? : die neue Debatte um den Bombenkrieg 1940-45

The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement

Introduction 1. Germany under Allied Occupation 2. Drifting Apart: The Two Republics 3. From Cold War to Detente 4. Marxist versus Socialist Economy 5. The Constitutional Framework 6. Party Politics and Public Opinion 7. Culture: Mirror-Image of Society 8. German Unificiation 9. The Search for Identity 10. Conclusion Notes Statistical Appendix Chronology Further Reading

Germany since 1945

List of Contributors Chapter 1. 'Old Europe' and the Legacy of Two World Wars Lothar Kettenacker and Torsten Riotte Chapter 2. Prevention or Regulation of War? The Hague Peace Conferences as a limited Tool for Reforming the international System before 1914 Jost Dulffer Chapter 3. 'The Spirit of 1914': A Critical Examination of War Enthusiasm in German Society Gerhard Hirschfeld Chapter 4. Construction and Deconstruction of the Idea of French 'War Enthusiasm' in 1914 Nicolas Beaupre Chapter 5. The Mood in Britain 1914 Hartmut von Pogge Strandmann Chapter 6. The First World War in the History of the Weimar Republic Gerd Krumreich Chapter 7. Fascism and Legacy of the Great War Angelo Ventrone Chapter 8. The French Desire for Peace and Security in the 1920's Jean-Claude Allain Chapter 9. Britain in the Wake in the Great War Jay Winter Chapter 10. Germany: War without Public Backing Hans Mommsen Chapter 11. The French Entry into the War in September 1939: Between Reluctans and Resignation Barbara Lambauer Chapter 12. Great Britain: Declaring War as a Matter of Honour Lothar Kettenacker Chapter 13. Disillusionment, Pragmatism, Indifference: German Society after the 'Catastrophe' Clemens Vollnhals Chapter 14. The French after 1945. Difficulties and Disappointments of an Immediate Post-War Period Fabrice Grenard Chapter 15. Great Britain: Remembering a Just War (1945-1950) Toby Haggith Chapter 16. Italy after 1945: War and Peace. Defeat and Liberation Gustavo Corni Bibliography Index

The legacies of two world wars : European societies in the twentieth century

Introduction. I. Division through Zoning. II. Cold War Confrontation. III. Ostpolitik: Putting the East at Ease. IV. A Precarious Relationship. V. The People's Revolution. VI. The Diplomatic Process. VII. An Expensive Take-Over Business. VIII. The Long Hangover. IX. A Crisis of Identity. X. Attempts at Explanation. APPENDIX. 1. Select Bibliography. 2. Chronology. 3. (Charts). 4. (Cartoons).

Lothar Kettenacker

Papers

Ein Volk von Opfern? : die neue Debatte um den Bombenkrieg 1940-45

The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement

Germany since 1945

The legacies of two world wars : European societies in the twentieth century

Germany 1989: In the Aftermath of the Cold War