With the application of Internet of Things and services to manufacturing, the fourth stage of industrialization, referred to as Industrie 4.0, is believed to be approaching. For Industrie 4.0 to come true, it is essential to implement the horizontal integration of inter-corporation value network, the end-to-end integration of engineering value chain, and the vertical integration of factory inside. In this paper, we focus on the vertical integration to implement flexible and reconfigurable smart factory. We first propose a brief framework that incorporates industrial wireless networks, cloud, and fixed or mobile terminals with smart artifacts such as machines, products, and conveyors. Then, we elaborate the operational mechanism from the perspective of control engineering, that is, the smart artifacts form a self-organized system which is assisted with the feedback and coordination blocks that are implemented on the cloud and based on the big data analytics. In addition, we outline the main technical features and beneficial outcomes and present a detailed design scheme. We conclude that the smart factory of Industrie 4.0 is achievable by extensively applying the existing enabling technologies while actively coping with the technical challenges.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2016/3159805

Implementing smart factory of Industrie 4.0: an outlook

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is an emerging technology to provide ubiquitous connectivity among devices without human intervention. The cellular networks are considered a ready-to-use infrastructure to implement M2M communications. However, M2M communications over cellular pose significant challenges to cellular networks due to different data transactions, diverse applications, and a large number of connections. To support such a large number of devices, M2M system architecture should be extremely power and spectrum efficient. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on M2M communications in the context of the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A). More specifically, this paper presents architectural enhancements for providing M2M services in 3GPP LTE/LTE-A networks and reviews the features and requirements of M2M applications. In addition, the signal overheads and various quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in M2M communications also deserve our attention. We address M2M challenges over 3GPP LTE/LTE-A and also identify the issues on diverse random access overload control to avoid congestion caused by random channel access of M2M devices. Different application scenarios are considered to illustrate futuristic M2M applications. Finally, we present possible enabling technologies and point out the directions for M2M communications research.

M2M Communications in 3GPP LTE/LTE-A Networks: Architectures, Service Requirements, Challenges, and Applications

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to technologies with various applications. In order to provide the vision and goals of M2M, an M2M ecosystem with a service platform must be established by the key players in industrial domains so as to substantially reduce development costs and improve time to market of M2M devices and services. The service platform must be supported by M2M enabling technologies and standardization. In this paper, we present a survey of existing M2M service platforms and explore the various research issues and challenges involved in enabling an M2M service platform. We first classify M2M nodes according to their characteristics and required functions, and we then highlight the features of M2M traffic. With these in mind, we discuss the necessity of M2M platforms. By comparing and analyzing the existing approaches and solutions of M2M platforms, we identify the requirements and functionalities of the ideal M2M service platform. Based on these, we propose an M2M service platform (M2SP) architecture and its functionalities, and present the M2M ecosystem with this platform. Different application scenarios are given to illustrate the interaction between the components of the proposed platform. In addition, we discuss the issues and challenges of enabling technologies and standardization activities, and outline future research directions for the M2M network.

M2M Service Platforms: Survey, Issues, and Enabling Technologies

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been realized as one of the most promising networking paradigms that bridge the gap between the cyber and physical world. Developing green deployment schemes for IoT is a challenging issue since IoT achieves a larger scale and becomes more complex so that most of the current schemes for deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs) cannot be transplanted directly in IoT. This paper addresses this challenging issue by proposing a deployment scheme to achieve green networked IoT. The contributions made in this paper include: 1) a hierarchical system framework for a general IoT deployment, 2) an optimization model on the basis of proposed system framework to realize green IoT, and 3) a minimal energy consumption algorithm for solving the presented optimization model. The numerical results on minimal energy consumption and network lifetime of the system indicate that the deployment scheme proposed in this paper is more flexible and energy efficient compared to typical WSN deployment scheme; thus is applicable to the green IoT deployment.

A Novel Deployment Scheme for Green Internet of Things

Nowadays, there are two significant tendencies, how to process the enormous amount of data, big data, and how to deal with the green issues related to sustainability and environmental concerns. An interesting question is whether there are inherent correlations between the two tendencies in general. To answer this question, this paper firstly makes a comprehensive literature survey on how to green big data systems in terms of the whole life cycle of big data processing, and then this paper studies the relevance between big data and green metrics and proposes two new metrics, effective energy efficiency and effective resource efficiency in order to bring new views and potentials of green metrics for the future times of big data.

Big Data Meet Green Challenges: Greening Big Data

This paper represents energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. It is a collection of sensor nodes with a set of limited Processor and limited memory unit embedded in it. Reliable routing of packets from the sensor node to its base station is the most important task for the networks. The routing protocols applied for the other networks cannot be used here due to its battery powered nodes This paper gives an overview of the different routing strategies used in wireless sensor networks and gives a brief working model of energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. It also shows the comparison of these different routing protocols based on metrics such as mobility support, stability, issues and latency.

/pdf/energy-efficient-routing-protocols-in-wireless-sensor-5g0mzwozk7.pdf

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Effectiveness of Arsenicum album 30C in Prevention of COVID-19 in Individuals Residing in Containment Zones of Delhi-A Prospective, Community-based, Parallel Cohort Study.

Wireless sensor system includes hundreds to thousands of sensor nodes that helps in collecting different information including temperature, sound, area, etc. It’s generally difficult to recharge or change the sensor nodes which may have confined battery capacity. Energy efficiency is therefore a key problem in sustaining the network. Certainly one of the most used alternatives to make WSNs energy-efficient is to cluster the networks. Various clustering techniques are accustomed to effectively optimize or enhance the energy of sensor nodes. In this paper we have examined the various methods of clustering which are centralized, distributed and hybrid utilized in Sensor Networks. This paper also presents a comparative study of various clustering algorithms and the issues of clustering in WSNs.

/pdf/clustering-techniques-in-wireless-sensor-network-a-review-38pmxo5ftb.pdf

Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor Network: A Review

The nodes in wireless sensor networks are operated by batteries. To enhance the power usage of the nodes, clustering is one among the well-known approaches used by the researchers. Clustering is usually done using LEACH protocol, but this selects cluster heads randomly, which causes uneven formation of clusters. This paper proposes modified mid-point algorithm along with k-means approach (EECPK) is used to form balanced clusters. The CHs perform multi-hop communication with BS if distance is greater than threshold value. Also, the concept of threshold energy is used to rotate the CHs and communication range of nodes is also taken in account. The performance has been analyzed based on throughput, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. The value of PDR obtained was 0.75, throughput's value was around 16875 Kbps and network ran for around 35 seconds.

Modified EECPK-means mid-point algorithm for enhancing network life expactancy in WSN

Noise in images has become one of the significant concerns in digital image processing. Many digital image based techniques produce inaccurate results when noise is presented in the digital images. So many researchers have proposed new and modified techniques so far to reduce or remove noise from images. Different kind of enhancement in the filters has been proposed so far. But most of filters put artefacts while doing their work. Many filters fail when noise density in the images is very high. Some filters results poor for edges. This paper has proposed a new improved NSA based switching median filter which has the capability to decrease the high density of the noise from images and also outperforms over others when input image is noise free. The proposed method has also ability to preserves the edges by using the gradient based smoothing. The proposed technique has been designed and implemented in MATLAB tool using image processing toolbox. Different kind of the digital images has been taken for experimental purpose. Comparative analysis has shown that the proposed algorithm is quite effective over the available techniques.

/pdf/removal-of-high-density-salt-and-pepper-noise-through-hybrid-4zrxbt9a1v.pdf

Lovepreet Kaur

Papers

Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Effectiveness of Arsenicum album 30C in Prevention of COVID-19 in Individuals Residing in Containment Zones of Delhi-A Prospective, Community-based, Parallel Cohort Study.

Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor Network: A Review

Modified EECPK-means mid-point algorithm for enhancing network life expactancy in WSN

Removal of High Density Salt and Pepper Noise through Hybrid of Negative Selection Algorithm and Median Filter