scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Author

Lu Lin

Bio: Lu Lin is an academic researcher from Xiamen University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Catalysis & Furfural. The author has an hindex of 52, co-authored 364 publications receiving 8726 citations. Previous affiliations of Lu Lin include Northwestern University & Dalian University of Technology.
Topics: Catalysis, Furfural, Cellulose, Chemistry, Lignin


Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Ru/C was used in hydrogenation of levulinic acid to produce γ-valerolactone, and the reaction pathway for the hydrogenation was proposed.
Abstract: Ru/C catalyst was used in hydrogenation of levulinic acid to produce γ-valerolactone. The conversion rate and the selectivity of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone with Ru/C as catalyst were higher than those with Pd/C, Raney nickel, and Urushibara nickel. The optimum preparation conditions of γ-valerolactone by hydrogenation of levulinic acid catalyzed by Ru/C were as follows: temperature at 130 °C, hydrogen pressure at 1.2 MPa, dosage of catalyst at 5.0% (based on the mass fraction of levulinic acid), the solvent being methanol, and a reaction time of 160 min. The conversion rate of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone was found to be 92%, and the selectivity of γ-valerolactone was 99%. The surface structure variations of the fresh and used catalysts were characterized by XRD and XPS. Furthermore, the reaction pathway for the hydrogenation of levulinic acid was proposed.

348 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors systematically summarize and discuss catalytic conversion strategies from the perspective of catalysts and reaction solvents as well as formation mechanisms and influencing factors for the production of furanic aldehydes from biomass-derived carbohydrates.
Abstract: In recent years, substantial interest has been devoted to the conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates into furanic aldehydes such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 5-halomethylfurfural, because these products are considered as important versatile intermediates that can be further transformed into a wide variety of high performance fuels and high value-added chemicals. However, low yields and high production costs that are due to the special chemical structures and properties of biomass-derived carbohydrates to a large extent have limited the practical production of furanic aldehydes. Recently, various catalytic conversion strategies have been developed to overcome these limitations. In this review, we systematically summarize and discuss catalytic conversion strategies from the perspective of catalysts and reaction solvents as well as formation mechanisms and influencing factors for the production of furanic aldehydes from biomass-derived carbohydrates. Meanwhile, we also outline the synthesis of furanic aldehyde-based fuels such as 2-methylfuran (MF), 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) and alkanes and chemicals such as levulinic acid (LA), 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Moreover, some potential research orientations are proposed based on the major problems encountered in recent research.

320 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Among metal chlorides, chromium chloride was found to be exceptionally effective for the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid, affording an optimum yield of 67 mol % after a reaction time of 180 min, at 200 °C, with a catalyst dosage of 0.02 M and substrate concentration of 50 wt %.
Abstract: The catalytic performance of various metal chlorides in the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid in liquid water at high temperatures was investigated. The effects of reaction parameters on the yield of levulinic acid were also explored. The results showed that alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides were not effective in conversion of cellulose, while transition metal chlorides, especially CrCl 3 , FeCl 3 and CuCl 2 and a group IIIA metal chloride (AlCl 3 ), exhibited high catalytic activity. The catalytic performance was correlated with the acidity of the reaction system due to the addition of the metal chlorides, but more dependent on the type of metal chloride. Among those metal chlorides, chromium chloride was found to be exceptionally effective for the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid, affording an optimum yield of 67 mol % after a reaction time of 180 min, at 200 °C, with a catalyst dosage of 0.02 M and substrate concentration of 50 wt %. Chromium metal, most of which was present in its oxide form in the solid sample and only a small part in solution as Cr

286 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In contrast to the nonrenewable fossil resources, biomass, the only renewable resource of organic carbon in the nature, is considered as a special kind of inexhaustible feedstocks, which can be used for the synthesis of numerous valuable products in a sustainable manner as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In contrast to the nonrenewable fossil resources, biomass, the only renewable resource of organic carbon in the nature, is considered as a special kind of inexhaustible feedstocks, which can be used for the synthesis of numerous valuable products in a sustainable manner. Among many biomass-derived products, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is identified to be a crucially important versatile compound due to its marvelous structure that is composed of an aldehyde group, a hydroxyl group and a furan ring. Hence, HMF possesses a very strong chemical reactivity, and it can be further transformed into a wide variety of value-added derivatives. In recent years, the synthetic methods, physicochemical properties and commercial prospects of HMF-based conventional derivatives such as 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), ethyl levulinate (EL), long chain alkane (LLA), levulinic acid (LA), 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) have been intensively reviewed by many researchers. However, up to now, the preparation of HMF-based innovative derivatives such as 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF), 2,5-dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran (DHMTHF), 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HTO), 1,6-hexanediol (HDO), 1-hydroxyhexane-2,5-dione (HHD), 3-hydroxymethylcyclopetanone (HMCPN), furan-2,5-dimethylcarboxylate (FDMC), maleic anhydride (MA), 5-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2(5H)-one (HHMFO), 5-alkoxymethylfurfural (AMF), 5,5-oxy-(bismethylene)-2-furaldehyde (OBMF), 5-arylaminomethyl-2-furanmethanol (AAMFM), 2,5-furandiamidine dihydrochloride (FDADHC), 1-alkyl-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium (AHHMP), 5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furoin (BHMF), 5-(dialkyloxymethyl)-2-furanmethanol (DAMFM), 5-chloromethylfurfural (CMF), 5-alkanoyloxymethylfurfural (AOOMF) and furfuryl alcohol (FFA) has not yet been comprehensively summarized. In order to fill this gap, the latest studies and advancements on the preparation of HMF-based innovative derivatives via various catalytic approaches such as hydrogenation, oxidation, etherification, amination, condensation, halogenation, esterification and decarbonylation are systematically outlined and discussed in this review. Furthermore, a few potential research trends in the future studies are also proposed to provide some useful ideas for the further preparation of HMF-based innovative derivatives in a much more green, simple, efficient and economical way.

281 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed the Key Programs for Cooperation between Universities and Enterprises in Fujian Province (2013N5011), which is a key program for cooperation between universities and enterprises in China.
Abstract: National Basic Research Program of China [2010CB732201]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [21106121]; Provincial RD Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2010121077]; Key Programs for Cooperation Between Universities and Enterprises in Fujian Province [2013N5011]

272 citations


Cited by
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI

[...]

08 Dec 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

33,785 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy.
Abstract: Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy. As of 2005, over 3% of the total energy consumption in the United States was supplied by biomass, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy. Similarly, the European Union received 66.1% of its renewable energy from biomass, which thus surpassed the total combined contribution from hydropower, wind power, geothermal energy, and solar power. In addition to energy, the production of chemicals from biomass is also essential; indeed, the only renewable source of liquid transportation fuels is currently obtained from biomass.

3,644 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Renewable Resources Robert-Jan van Putten,†,‡ Jan C. van der Waal,† Ed de Jong,*,† Carolus B. Rasrendra,*,⊥ Hero J. Heeres,*,‡ and Johannes G. de Vries.
Abstract: Renewable Resources Robert-Jan van Putten,†,‡ Jan C. van der Waal,† Ed de Jong,*,† Carolus B. Rasrendra,‡,⊥ Hero J. Heeres,*,‡ and Johannes G. de Vries* †Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, the Netherlands Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

2,267 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a new state-of-the-art implementation of the iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials) Key Laborotary of Catalysis, which automates the very labor-intensive and therefore expensive and therefore time-heavy and expensive process ofalysis.
Abstract: and Fuels Changzhi Li,† Xiaochen Zhao,† Aiqin Wang,† George W. Huber,†,‡ and Tao Zhang*,† †State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States

1,977 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that has been devoted to each of these three interconnected biorefinery aspects, ranging from industrially well-established techniques to the latest cutting edge innovations.
Abstract: In pursuit of more sustainable and competitive biorefineries, the effective valorisation of lignin is key. An alluring opportunity is the exploitation of lignin as a resource for chemicals. Three technological biorefinery aspects will determine the realisation of a successful lignin-to-chemicals valorisation chain, namely (i) lignocellulose fractionation, (ii) lignin depolymerisation, and (iii) upgrading towards targeted chemicals. This review provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that has been devoted to each of these three interconnected biorefinery aspects, ranging from industrially well-established techniques to the latest cutting edge innovations. To navigate the reader through the overwhelming collection of literature on each topic, distinct strategies/topics were delineated and summarised in comprehensive overview figures. Upon closer inspection, conceptual principles arise that rationalise the success of certain methodologies, and more importantly, can guide future research to further expand the portfolio of promising technologies. When targeting chemicals, a key objective during the fractionation and depolymerisation stage is to minimise lignin condensation (i.e. formation of resistive carbon–carbon linkages). During fractionation, this can be achieved by either (i) preserving the (native) lignin structure or (ii) by tolerating depolymerisation of the lignin polymer but preventing condensation through chemical quenching or physical removal of reactive intermediates. The latter strategy is also commonly applied in the lignin depolymerisation stage, while an alternative approach is to augment the relative rate of depolymerisation vs. condensation by enhancing the reactivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerisation. Finally, because depolymerised lignins often consist of a complex mixture of various compounds, upgrading of the raw product mixture through convergent transformations embodies a promising approach to decrease the complexity. This particular upgrading approach is termed funneling, and includes both chemocatalytic and biological strategies.

1,466 citations