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The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm?

行銷硏究 : Marketing research

A prevalent and pervasive view of designing is that it can be modeled using variables and decisions made about what values should be taken by these variables. The activity of designing is carried out with the expectation that the designed artifact will operate in the natural world and the social world. These worlds impose constraints on the variables and their values; so, design could be described as a goal-oriented, constrained, decision- making activity. However, design distinguish- es itself from other similarly described activities not only by its domain but also by additional necessary features. Designing involves exploration, exploring what variables might be appropriate. The process of explo- ration involves both goal variables and deci- sion variables. In addition, designing involves learning: Part of the exploration activity is learning about emerging features as a design proceeds. Finally, design activity occurs within two contexts: the context within which the designer operates and the context produced by the developing design itself. The designer’s perception of what the context is affects the implication of the context on the design. The context shifts as the designer’s perceptions change. Design activity can be now characterized as a goal-oriented, con- strained, decision-making, exploration, and learning activity that operates within a con- text that depends on the designer’s percep- tion of the context.

Design Prototypes: A Knowledge Representation Schema for Design

Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis, Roger Bakeman, John M. Gottman. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1986), ixv, +221. Price £25.00 hardback, £7.95 paperback

http://oro.open.ac.uk/3271/1/Expertise_Overview.pdf

Expertise in Design: an overview

Design research is a fast-growing field of inquiry with significant importance in terms of helping society to create products and processes of improved quality and for enhancing the environment in which we live. The step-wise, hands-on approach of DRM studies the ways in which design research can best be undertaken to address specific questions. This study gives rise, for the first time, to a generic and systematic design research methodology intended to improve the quality of design research its academic credibility, industrial significance and societal contribution by enabling more thorough, efficient and effective procedures. Professors Blessing and Chakrabarti provide a comprehensive list of types of design research linked to appropriate research methods familiar as well as new and supported by illustrative examples throughout the text. Furthermore, the book points the way to more detailed sources of various established research methods that can be applied. The practical emphasis of the text is reinforced by a whole section of design research project examples contributed by eminent design researchers and placed in the context of the proposed methodology to demonstrate the application of the variety of approaches available in a structured fashion. DRM, a Design Research Methodology, speaks to a broad readership: it will provide the graduate student with an excellent grounding in good design research practice, inculcating good habits of research for the future and showing how the process of understanding and improving design can become more effective and efficient; it will interest the academic and industrial researcher as a source of useful and well-ordered methods within a common design research ethos, as well as a methodological framework for research projects and programmes; it will attract the supervisors of young researchers by offering research methods and a well-thought-out and logically structured research process for use in courses on design research.

DRM, a Design Research Methodology

Research was undertaken to understand how to provide the most appropriate support for novice designers in engineering design. However, how designers apply their experience and knowledge is not understood and further research in this area is required. This paper describes an observational study to understand how novice and experienced designers approach design tasks.

Understanding the differences between how novice and experienced designers approach design tasks

A process-based approach to computer-supported engineering design

Global Framework.- Life Cycle Engineering and Management.- Product Development.- Processes and Tools for Disassembly.- Planning for Remanufacturing and Recycling.- Enabling for Sustainability in Engineering.- Roadmap.

Lucienne Blessing

Papers

DRM, a Design Research Methodology

Understanding the differences between how novice and experienced designers approach design tasks

A process-based approach to computer-supported engineering design

Sustainability in manufacturing: Recovery of resources in product and material cycles

An Anthology of Theories and Models of Design