The psychology of interpersonal relations , The psychology of interpersonal relations , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

The psychology of interpersonal relations

1. Introduction 2. The emergence of learning activity as a historical form of human learning 3. The zone of proximal development as the basic category of expansive research 4. The instruments of expansion 5. Toward an expansive methodology 6. Epilogue.

Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research

Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review

The dominant model of disease today is biomedical, and it leaves no room within tis framework for the social, psychological, and behavioral dimensions of illness. A biopsychosocial model is proposed that provides a blueprint for research, a framework for teaching, and a design for action in the real world of health care.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/fsh/10/3/317.pdf

The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine.

Geographical curves are so involved in their detail that their lengths are often infinite or, rather, undefinable. However, many are statistically "selfsimilar," meaning that each portion can be considered a reduced-scale image of the whole. In that case, the degree of complication can be described by a quantity D that has many properties of a "dimension," though it is fractional; that is, it exceeds the value unity associated with the ordinary, rectifiable, curves.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/156/3775/636.full.pdf

How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

Ludwig von Bertalanffy's theory of laws is applicable to virtually every scientific field. This conceptual approach has had a profound impact on biology, economics, psychology, and demography, with new relevancies today. Gathered here are Ludwig von Bertalanffy's writings on general system theory, selected and edited to show the evolution of systems theory and to present its applications to problem-solving. The new foreword by University of Vienna system theory professor, Wolfgang Hofkirchner, and Centre for Systems Philosophy director, David Rousseau, discusses the theory s contemporary applications.

General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications

A quantitative theory of organic growth

General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications.

As we survey the evolution of modern science, we find the remarkable phenomenon that similar general conceptions and viewpoints have evolved independently in the various branches of science, and to begin with these may be indicated as follows : in the past centuries, science tried to explain phenomena by reducing them to an interplay of elementary units which could be investigated independently of each other. In contemporary modern science, we find in all fields conceptions of what is rather vaguely termed ' wholeness.' It was the aim of classical physics eventually to resolve all natural phenomena into a play of elementary units, the characteristics of which remain unaltered whether they are investigated in isolation or in a complex. The expression of this conception is the ideal of the Laplacean spirit, which resolves the world into an aimless play of atoms, governed by the laws of nature. This conception was not changed but rather strengthened when deterministic laws were replaced by statistical laws in Boltzmann's derivation of the second principle of thermodynamics. Physical laws appeared to be essentially ' laws of disorder,' a statistical result of unordered and fortuitous events. In contrast, the basic problems in modern physics are problems of organisation. Problems of this kind present themselves in atomic physics, in structural chemistry, in crystallography, and so forth. In microphysics* it becomes impossible to resolve phenomena into local events, as is shown by the Heisenberg relation and in quantum mechanics.

An outline of general system theory

F ROM THE PHYSICAL POINT OF VIEW, the characteristic state of the living organism is that of an open system. A system is closed if no material enters or leaves it; it is open if there is import and export and, therefore, change of the components. Living systems are open systems, maintaining themselves in exchange of materials with environment, and in continuous building up and breaking down of their components. So far, physics and physical chemistry have been concerned almost exclusively with processes in closed reaction systems, leading to chemical equilibria. Chemical equilibria are found also in partial systems of the living organism-for example, the equilibrium between hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and oxygen upon which oxygen transport by blood is based. The cell and the organism as a whole, however, do not comprise a closed system, and are never in true equilibrium, but in a steady state. We need, therefore, an extension and generalization of the principles of physics and physical chemistry, complementing the usual theory of reactions and equilibria in closed systems, and dealing with open systems, their steady states, and the principles governing them. Though it is usual to speak of the organism as a \"dynamic equilibrium,\" only in recent years has theoretical and experimental investigation of open systems and steady states begun. The conception of the organism as an open system has been advanced by von Bertalanffy since 1932, and general kinetic principles and their biological implications have been developed (4, 6). In German literature, Dehlinger and Wertz (15), Bavink (1), Skrabal (31), and others have extended these conceptions. A basically similar treatment was given by Burton (12). The paper of Reiner and Spiegelman (28) seems to have been inspired by conversations of the present author with Reiner in 1937-38. Starting from problems of technological chemistry, the comparison of efficiency in batch and continuous reaction systems, Denbigh (16) has also developed the kinetics of open reaction systems. The most important recent work is the thermodynamics of open systems by Prigogine (25, 26). In physics, the theory of open systems leads to fundamentally new principles. It is indeed the more general theory, the restriction of kinetics and thermodynamics to closed systems concerning only a rather special case. In biology, it first of all accounts for many characteristics of living systems that have appeared to be in contradiction to the laws of physics, and have been considered hitherto as vitalistic features. Second, the consideration of organisms as open systems yields quantitative laws of important biological phenomena. So far, the consequences of the theory have been developed especially in respect to biological problems, but the concept will be important for other fields too, such as industrial chemistry and meteorology.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/111/2872/23.full.pdf

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Papers

General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications

A quantitative theory of organic growth

General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications.

An outline of general system theory

The theory of open systems in physics and biology.