To support bursty traffic on the Internet (and especially WWW) efficiently, optical burst switching (OBS) is proposed as a way to streamline both protocols and hardware in building the future generation Optical Internet. By leveraging the attractive properties of optical communications and at the same time, taking into account its limitations, OBS combines the best of optical circuit-switching and packet/cell switching. In this paper, the general concept of OBS protocols and in particular, those based on Just-Enough-Time (JET), is described, along with the applicability of OBS protocols to IP over WDM. Specific issues such as the use of fiber delay-lines (FDLs) for accommodating processing delay and/or resolving conflicts are also discussed. In addition, the performance of JET-based OBS protocols which use an offset time along with delayed reservation to achieve efficient utilization of both bandwidth and FDLs as well as to support priority-based routing is evaluated.

Optical burst switching (OBS) - a new paradigm for an optical Internet

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a crucial research field spawned by the Internet of Things (IoT). IIoT links all types of industrial equipment through the network; establishes data acquisition, exchange, and analysis systems; and optimizes processes and services, so as to reduce cost and enhance productivity. The introduction of edge computing in IIoT can significantly reduce the decision-making latency, save bandwidth resources, and to some extent, protect privacy. This paper outlines the research progress concerning edge computing in IIoT. First, the concepts of IIoT and edge computing are discussed, and subsequently, the research progress of edge computing is discussed and summarized in detail. Next, the future architecture from the perspective of edge computing in IIoT is proposed, and its technical progress in routing, task scheduling, data storage and analytics, security, and standardization is analyzed. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of edge computing in IIoT in terms of 5G-based edge communication, load balancing and data offloading, edge intelligence, as well as data sharing security. Finally, we introduce some typical application scenarios of edge computing in IIoT, such as prognostics and health management (PHM), smart grids, manufacturing coordination, intelligent connected vehicles (ICV), and smart logistics.

Edge Computing in Industrial Internet of Things: Architecture, Advances and Challenges

Methods and systems for providing a network and routing protocol for utility services are disclosed. A method includes discovering a utility network. Neighboring nodes are discovered and the node listens for advertised routes for networks from the neighbors. The node is then registered with one or more utility networks, receiving a unique address for each network registration. Each upstream node can independently make forwarding decisions on both upstream and downstream packets, i.e., choose the next hop according to the best information available to it. The node can sense transient link problems, outage problems and traffic characteristics. Information is used to find the best route out of and within each network. Each network node maintains multi-egress, multi-ingress network routing options both for itself and the node(s) associated with it. The node is capable of several route maintenance functions utilizing the basic routing protocol and algorithms.

Load management in wireless mesh communications networks

http://rouskas.csc.ncsu.edu/Publications/Journals/OSN-RSA-2014.pdf

Spectrum management techniques for elastic optical networks: A survey

A key application of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm lies within industrial contexts. Indeed, the emerging Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), commonly referred to as Industry 4.0, promises to revolutionize production and manufacturing through the use of large numbers of networked embedded sensing devices, and the combination of emerging computing technologies, such as Fog/Cloud Computing and Artificial Intelligence. The IIoT is characterized by an increased degree of inter-connectivity, which not only creates opportunities for the industries that adopt it, but also for cyber-criminals. Indeed, IoT security currently represents one of the major obstacles that prevent the widespread adoption of IIoT technology. Unsurprisingly, such concerns led to an exponential growth of published research over the last few years. To get an overview of the field, we deem it important to systematically survey the academic literature so far, and distill from it various security requirements as well as their popularity. This paper consists of two contributions: our primary contribution is a systematic review of the literature over the period 2011–2019 on IIoT Security, focusing in particular on the security requirements of the IIoT. Our secondary contribution is a reflection on how the relatively new paradigm of Fog computing can be leveraged to address these requirements, and thus improve the security of the IIoT.

https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/217216288/Hkkr_09146364.pdf

A Systematic Survey of Industrial Internet of Things Security: Requirements and Fog Computing Opportunities

Compared with backup sharing in WDM networks, it is more complex and challenging to share backup resources in OFDM-based optical networks with elastic bandwidth allocation. We propose and evaluate conservative and agressive backup sharing policies.

Shared-path protection in OFDM-based optical networks with elastic bandwidth allocation

A fog computing based approach to DDoS mitigation in IIoT systems

Optical networks based on WDM technology have become a promising solution to realize transport networks that can meet the ever-increasing demand for bandwidth. As WDM networks carry a huge volume of traffic, maintaining a high level of survivability is an important and critical issue. The. development of GMPLS switching technology led to the direct integration of IP and WDM. In these IP-over-WDM networks different applications/end users need different levels of fault tolerance and differ in how much they are willing to pay for the service they get. The current trend in network development is moving toward a unified solution providing support for voice, data, and various multimedia services. Therefore, it imperative that WDM networks incorporate fault tolerance to single or multiple component failures, protection bandwidth, recovery time, and recovery granularity besides resource utilization and call acceptance ratio. This article presents a survey of various methods that have been proposed for providing service differentiation in survivable WDM networks and discuss their performance. Such methods are broadly classified under various paradigms such as differentiated reliability, R-connections, quality of protection, and quality of recovery.

Differentiated QoS for survivable WDM optical networks

SCADAWall: A CPI-enabled firewall model for SCADA security

With the increase in the size and number of shared risk link groups (SRLGs) in optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks, the capacity efficiency of shared-path protection becomes much poorer due to the SRLG-disjoint constraint, and thus the blocking probability becomes much higher. Furthermore, due to severe traps caused by SRLGs, it becomes more difficult to find an SRLG-disjoint backup path with trap avoidance within reasonable computational complexity. As a result, in a mesh WDM network with a large number of SRLGs or a large SRLG size, 100% SRLG failure protection is no longer a practical protection scheme. To solve this problem, we present a new protection scheme called best effort SRLG failure protection, in which we try to provide an SRLG-disjoint backup path by choosing the backup path sharing the least number of SRLGs with the working path; this is to make the impact of SRLG failures as low as possible and accept as many as possible connection requests. As a result, the proposed best effort SRLG failure protection scheme manages to make a trade-off between blocking probability and survivability. 100% SRLG failure protection becomes a special case of best effort SRLG failure protection when the working path and backup path share zero SRLG. Due to the NP-completeness of this problem, we propose a heuristic to find the optimal result of the best effort SRLG-disjoint backup path under dynamic traffic. We formulate the connection survivability against SRLG failures and analyze the possibility of backup sharing under best effort SRLG failure protection. Analytical and extensive simulation results with various network topology and SRLG parameters demonstrate that, compared with 100% SRLG failure protection, the proposed best effort SRLG failure protection scheme offers much better capacity efficiency and much lower blocking probability while keeping survivability as high as possible. This can be explained by the fact that by slightly loosing the SRLG-disjoint constraint, shared-path protection will become more capacity efficient and more efficient in overcoming traps.

Luying Zhou

Papers

Shared-path protection in OFDM-based optical networks with elastic bandwidth allocation

A fog computing based approach to DDoS mitigation in IIoT systems

Differentiated QoS for survivable WDM optical networks

SCADAWall: A CPI-enabled firewall model for SCADA security

Best Effort SRLG Failure Protection for Optical WDM Networks