Soil Nutrient Bioavailability—A Mechanistic Approach

Metals and Micronutrients: Uptake and Utilization by Plants.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS, partial reduction or derivatives of free radicals) are highly reactive, dangerous and can cause oxidative cell death. In addition to their role as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, ROS play a role in the control and regulation of biological processes such as growth, the cell cycle, programmed cell death, hormone signaling, biotic and abiotic stress reactions and development. ROS always arise in plants as a by-product of several metabolic processes that are located in different cell compartments, or as a result of the inevitable escape of electrons to oxygen from the electron transport activities of chloroplasts, mitochondria and plasma membranes. These reactive species are formed in chloroplasts, mitochondria, plasma membranes, peroxisomes, apoplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum and cell walls. The action of many non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants present in tissues is required for efficient scavenging of ROS generated during various environmental stressors. The current review provides an in-depth look at the fate of ROS in plants, a beneficial role in managing stress and other irregularities. The production sites are also explained with their negative effects. In addition, the biochemical properties and sources of ROS generation, capture systems, the influence of ROS on cell biochemistry and the crosstalk of ROS with other signaling molecules/pathways are discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/225/pdf?version=1644384217

Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: From Source to Sink

Assessing the impacts of sewage sludge amendment containing nano-TiO2 on tomato plants: A life cycle study.

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the anti-nematode activity of silver boron nanoparticles (AgB NPs) synthesized by PVP polymer and gamma rays as a novel cost-effective and eco-friendly green method. AgB NPs were structurally identified by UV–Vis., XRD, HRTM, DLS, FTIR, SEM and EDX mapping analysis. A suggested reaction mechanism was considered. In-vitro and in vivo nematicidal potential of AgB NPs against root-knot Meloidogyne incognita was examined. HRTEM image exhibited spherical AgB NPs with a diameter of 29.55 nm. FTIR spectrum explains that there is a continuous reduction of ions due to PVP oxidation. AgB NPs possesses an encourage anti-nematode against M. incognita causing root-knot in the tomato plant. Treatment 3 exhibited the maximum mortality as 74.20% after 96 h. It also decreased root galls and egg masses numbers after 1 week of the infection (20.33 galls and 2.33 egg masses). Treatments 3 and 4 reduced the numbers of the 2nd stage juveniles, females and the developmental stages. Boron at the permissible limits was adjusted to be more than silver in the synthesized AgB NPs (to avoid the toxicity) for developing the resistance and immunity of the tomato plant. Therefore, AgB NPs may recognize potential targets within agricultural treatments.

Potential Nematicidal Properties of Silver Boron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro and In Vivo Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Treatments

Earlier, the agriculture system was oriented more towards achieving higher agronomic yields than the nutritional quality of food. Green revolution significantly enhanced the crop production primarily rice, wheat and maize production was boosted to meet the energy needs of growing population. As a consequence of the predominance of cereal-based staples that are fundamentally low in micronutrients, specifically Zn and Fe, more than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from an insidious type of deficiency known as micronutrient malnutrition. Just moderate amounts of micronutrient malnutrition can affect cognitive development, reduce disease resistance and increase the risk of women dying during childbirth. The approach to micronutrient fertilization has been shown to improve the yield and nutritional content of the staples. Agronomic biofortification provides an immediate and effective method to enhance accumulation of micronutrients especially Zn and Fe in cereals. An adequate amount of plant available micronutrients is a prime requisite to ensure adequate nutrient uptake. Most of the cereals are grown in soils deficit in Zn and under reduced conditions of rice ecosystem, its availability is decreased due to formation of less soluble Zn complexes with sulphate and carbonate. The form of fertilizer used, timing and method of Review Article Jan et al.; IRJPAC, 21(16): 28-37, 2020; Article no.IRJPAC.61049 29 application is critical for the enhancement of the grain quality of Zn and Fe. The effectiveness of agronomic biofortification can be enhanced by application of synthetic chelated micronutrient fertilizers and/or organic fertilizers fortified with micronutrients in combination with NPK ensuring proper nourishment of crops with adequate nutrient supply by slow release of nutrients in soil solution. Further, the response of foliar application has shown better results than soil application. Previous studies suggest that Zn fertilization not only enhances Zn concentration in grain but also improves the overall performance of maize crop. Agronomic biofortification of crops is advantageous in terms of accessibility, rapid result, ease in application and high sustainability.

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Agronomic Bio-fortification of Rice and Maize with Iron and Zinc: A Review

1 Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani Anantnag-192101, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, J&K, India 2 DARS, Budgam, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, J&K, India 3 Division of Agronomy, FoA, Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, J&K, India 4 KrishiVigyan Kendra, Senapati, Manipur, India *Corresponding author

Micronutrients for Crop Production: Role of Boron

A field experiment was conducted at Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, during the rainy (kharif) seaons of 2008, 2009 and 2010 on silty clay loam soil, to evaluate 6 herbicide treatments, viz. pendimethalin @ 1.2 kg a.i./ha (5 days after sowing), butachlor @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha (3 days after sowing) + 2, 4-D @ 0.40 kg a.i./ha (15 days after sowing), almix @ 2.5 g/ha (7 days after sowing), pretilachlor 750 g a.i./ha (3 days after sowing), penoxulam 22.5 g/ha (8 days after sowing) and ethoxy sulfuron @ 312 g/ha (10 days after sowing), along with weedy check and weed-free treatment, were tested to ascertain the most effective herbicide for control of the weeds in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The maximum grain yield, yield attributes and weed-control efficiency were recorded with the application of penoxulam @ 22.5 g/ha (8 days after sowing). The maximum reduction in grain yield over weed-free treatment was recorded in weedy check (48.5% a) and the least reduction in penoxulam @ 22.5 g/ha (2.4%). Application of penoxulam @ 22.5 g/ha being at par with weed-free treatment proved superior to the other weed-management practices for grain yield and yield attributes.

Bio-efficacy of different herbicides in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa) under temperate Kashmir valley conditions

Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world’s population. In South Asia, rice farming systems provide food to the majority of the population, and agriculture is a primary source of livelihood. With the demand for nutritious food increasing, introducing innovative strategies in farming systems is imperative. In this regard, intensification of rice farming is intricately linked with the challenges of water scarcity, soil degradation, and the vagaries of climate change. Agroecological farming systems like the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) have been proposed as water-saving and sustainable ways of food production. This study examines the effect of intercropping beans with rice under SRI management on the growth of weeds and on the different plant growth parameters. Intercropping led to a 65% decrease in weed infestation on average, which is important given that weed infestation is stated as a criticism of SRI in some circles and is a major factor in limiting yield in rice-producing regions. In addition to the water savings of about 40% due to the SRI methodology, the innovation led to an increase in rice yield by 33% and an increase in the net income of farmers by 57% compared to the conventional rice farming method. The results indicate that intercropping can be a positive addition to the rice farming system, hence contributing to social–ecological sustainability.

/pdf/intercropping-in-rice-farming-under-the-system-of-rice-jf0k73u6sy.pdf

Intercropping in Rice Farming under the System of Rice Intensification—An Agroecological Strategy for Weed Control, Better Yield, Increased Returns, and Social–Ecological Sustainability

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of transplanted rice and direct seeded rice (DSR) as crop establishment methods under different weed control practices. Transplanting method proved superior over DSR. Among the weed management practices, butachlor (1.5 kg a.i. ha−1) + almix (4 g a.i. ha−1) proved superior over other weed management practices with respect to grain yield and yield attributes. Maximum grain yield weed control efficiency was recorded in transplanted rice with the application of butachlor @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha−1 + almix @ 4 g a.i. ha−1.

M. Anwar Bhat

Papers

Agronomic Bio-fortification of Rice and Maize with Iron and Zinc: A Review

Micronutrients for Crop Production: Role of Boron

Bio-efficacy of different herbicides in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa) under temperate Kashmir valley conditions

Intercropping in Rice Farming under the System of Rice Intensification—An Agroecological Strategy for Weed Control, Better Yield, Increased Returns, and Social–Ecological Sustainability

Effect of crop Establishment and Weed Control Practices on the Performance of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)