After a brief historical introduction to the hosting-capacity approach, the hosting capacity is presented in this paper as a tool for distribution-system planning under uncertainty. This tool is il ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/9/1325/pdf

Hosting Capacity of the Power Grid for Renewable Electricity Production and New Large Consumption Equipment

Electrical load growth and the addition of renewable energy generation occur at a rate that can outpace transmission development. As a consequence, transmission lines may become constrained. To accommodate load growth or distributed generation connections, one option is to operate existing transmission facilities up to their actual physical capacity rather than a conservative estimate of line capacity. Dynamic thermal rating of transmission lines provides actual current-carrying capacity of overhead lines based on real-time operating conditions. Dynamic Thermal Line Rating (DTLR) approaches vary significantly from one study to another in implementation, objectives and outcomes. Existing literature has presented several methodologies for DTLR adoption. This paper provides a comprehensive study of the literature on DTLR. It presents a survey and evaluation of various DTLR technologies, DTLR equipment, challenges with DTLR deployment, real world applications, and future approaches to DTLR implementation. The presented work is organized to allow a reader to understand and compare various DTLR approaches.

Dynamic thermal rating of transmission lines: A review

When a wind power system is connected to a network point there is a limit of power generation based on the characteristics of the network and the loads connected to it. Traditionally, transmission line limits are estimated conservatively assuming unfavourable weather conditions (high ambient temperature, full sun and low wind speed). However, the transmission capacity of an overhead line increases when wind speed is high, due to the cooling caused by wind in the distribution lines. Dynamic line rating (DLR) systems allow monitoring real weather conditions and calculating the real capacity of lines. Thus, when planning wind power integration, if dynamic line limits are considered instead of the conservative and static limits, estimated capacity increases. This article reviews all technologies developed for real-time monitoring during the last 30 years, as well as some case studies around the world, and brings out the benefits and technical limitations of employing dynamic line rating on overhead lines. Further, the use of these DLR systems in wind integration is reviewed.

/pdf/review-of-dynamic-line-rating-systems-for-wind-power-5dbzvebaot.pdf

Review of dynamic line rating systems for wind power integration

The concept of dynamic rating (DR) implies that the capacity of a component varies dynamically as a function of external parameters, while the rating traditionally is based on the worst-case. The v ...

/pdf/impact-from-dynamic-line-rating-on-wind-power-integration-j5bdrc9o3g.pdf

Impact From Dynamic Line Rating on Wind Power Integration

Power flow, on both AC and DC overhead transmission lines, is limited to keep the conductor temperature below a maximum (TCMAX) specified to limit both conductor sag and the aging of conductors and splices over time. This power flow limit (line thermal rating) varies with weather conditions along the line corridor but, for simplicity, static line ratings (SLR) are normally calculated for “suitably conservative” annual or seasonal weather conditions. Dynamic line ratings (DLR) change with the real-time weather conditions along the line, are usually higher than SLR, and are more complex to use in system operation. Forecasting of DLR requires forecasting of line corridor weather conditions but makes DLR more useful to power system operations. This paper discusses DLR methods including forecast techniques and presents various field applications.

A Review of Dynamic Thermal Line Rating Methods With Forecasting

The transmission capacity of the overhead lines increases when the wind speed increases, because of the increased cooling. Therefore, the use of dynamic line rating systems allows higher wind power integration in the grid. This paper presents the different techniques for dynamic line rating developed so far. The systems have been classified attending the magnitudes they use for the estimation of the line rating.

Dynamic line rating systems for wind power integration

The paper describes a monitoring system for the evaluation of the low sag behavior of the overhead conductors in operating lines. The monitoring system measures the conductor tension and temperature and it also measures the wind speed to evaluate the load in the conductor due to wind. This system includes a methodology for the analysis of the measured data and the comparison of these data with the theoretical values obtained by mechanical calculation.

/pdf/overhead-conductor-monitoring-system-for-the-evaluation-of-5fn2cwu9zk.pdf

Overhead conductor monitoring system for the evaluation of the low sag behavior

Overhead line ampacity forecasting and a methodology for assessing risk and line capacity utilization

Operation and planning of a power system are constrained by the rating of power lines. Usually, the static line rating is used for system operation and planning. The static line rating defined for an electric grid uses the same conservative weather assumptions for the whole grid regardless of the location of each line or its maximum-allowable conductor temperature. A separate analysis of the weather magnitudes measured in a pilot line shows how favorable air temperature and solar heating compensate for unfavorable wind speed. However, this compensation is limited for higher maximum-allowable conductor temperatures. As a result, the risk of the static line rating exceeding this maximum temperature is higher for HTLS conductors. An adaptive static line rating is proposed to control the assumed risk. The wind speed assumption for the static rating is reduced for higher maximum-allowable conductor temperature.

/pdf/adaptive-static-line-rating-for-systems-with-htls-conductors-1laagfmyy9.pdf

M.T. Bedialauneta

Papers

Review of dynamic line rating systems for wind power integration

Dynamic line rating systems for wind power integration

Overhead conductor monitoring system for the evaluation of the low sag behavior

Overhead line ampacity forecasting and a methodology for assessing risk and line capacity utilization

Adaptive Static Line Rating for Systems With HTLS Conductors