Asevere type of jaundice that appeared in epidemic form was described by Adolf W eil of " eisbaden in 1880, and from this time for some years there was a tendency to refer to all cases ? severe jaundice that appeared in epidemic !?nn as Weil's disease. In 1915 some Japanese Investigators associated a slender coiled oiganwith a severe febrile attack, usually accompanied by jaundice, that occurred in both cPiclemic and sporadic form in Japan, this 0rganism they recovered from the blood and **** ^ Patients during life, and from the livci 'n(> kidneys post mortem.

專題討論－細螺旋體病（Leptospirosis）

http://xrm.phys.northwestern.edu/research/pdf_papers/2000/flesch_bba2000.pdf

Dynamics of the mammalian sperm plasma membrane in the process of fertilization.

Role of Brain Insulin Receptor in Control of Body Weight and Reproduction

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine简介

The molecular players of sperm–egg fusion in mammals

Diabetes mellitus is believed to bring negative effects on the male reproductive system through an increase in oxidative stress. Gynura procumbens, a local herb with anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic properties, has been traditionally used to treat the disease. The present study aimed to assess the anti-diabetic activity of aqueous G. procumbens and the effect of treatment on the reproductive system in streptozotocin-induced male diabetic rats. Glibenclamide, an established anti-diabetic drug, was used as a positive control in the study. Diabetic rats (n=5) force-fed with G. procumbens aqueous extract with 100 mg/kg dosage (n=5) showed increased sperm count and motility by 25.12% and 23.97±1.09% respectively while sperm mortality decreased by 38.43% as compared to the controls. Testicular LDH specific activities in G. procumbens aqueous extract treated rats were increased by 72.53%. On the other hand, diabetic rats force-fed with glibenclamide with 5 mg/kg dosage (n=5) showed decreased sperm count and slightly increased sperm motility by 4.65% and 19.94±1.26%, respectively, while sperm mortality increased significantly (p<0.05) by 38.43% as compared to the controls. Testicular LDH specific activities in glibenclamide treated rats were increased by 26.58%.

Effects of Gynura procumbens Extract and Glibenclamide on Sperm Quality and Specific Activity of Testicular Lactate Dehydrogenase in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used in food preparation industry and has been consumed regularly. Previous studies had reported on effects of MSG when given at extremely high dosages, the res...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19396368.2019.1573274

Monosodium glutamate daily oral supplementation: study of its effects on male reproductive system on rat model.

AIM Antifertility agents with safety and effectiveness in terms of minimum side effects have always been a subject of debate. Many studies have been conducted on plants to observe the antifertility effect, but majority of them were toxic. Pegaga or Centella asiatica L. is one of the popular herb traditionally consumed raw amongst people in Malaysia. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Centella asiatica L. extract on rat testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty two Sprague-Dawley adult male rats, (12 weeks) were divided into four groups:- (I) control group (with distilled water), (II) low dose group (with 100 mg/kg body weight extract), (III) medium dose group (with 200 mg/kg body weight extract), and (IV) high dose group (with 300 mg/kg body weight extract) and force fed for 42 days. The rats were then sacrificed and the testis were removed for histological analysis. RESULTS The testis in the control group showed normal features with successive stages of transformation of the seminiferous epithelium into spermatozoa, whereas treated groups showed some degeneration of spermatogenic cells and reduction of spermatozoa in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Serum testosterone level was reduced in all treatment groups as compared to the control while cauda epididymal sperm count and motility showed significant decrease. Treatment with medium and high doses showed the most significant reduction (p<0.05) in sperm count. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that Centella asiatica L. exhibited antispermatogenic and antifertility effects on reproductive system of the male rats.

Antispermatogenic and antifertility effect of Pegaga (Centella asiatica L) on the testis of male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Balb/c mice were immunized with purified hamster sperm heads for induction of antisera and the production of monoclonal antibodies that recognize preferentially the equatorial segment. Twenty-six hybridoma clones secreted monoclonal antibodies with strong affinity for spermatozoa. The supernatants of 16 clones contained antibodies against the equatorial segment, of which 11 were specific to this region. Five supernatants (M1-M5) containing antibodies that bind to various regions of the sperm head were selected and assessed for the ability to inhibit hamster fertilization in vitro using intact and zona-free oocytes. All the supernatants inhibited fertilization compared with the control. However, M1 supernatant specifically inhibited sperm-egg fusion in a concentration-dependent manner, while sperm-oolemma binding and sperm motility remained unaffected. M1 supernatant recognized an epitope that is exclusive to the equatorial segment and expression of this epitope increased after capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Preliminary immunoblot analysis indicated that M1 monoclonal antibody recognized two protein bands of 37.5 and 34.0 kDa.

/pdf/monoclonal-antibody-that-recognizes-an-epitope-of-the-sperm-56xrum4q7r.pdf

Monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope of the sperm equatorial region and specifically inhibits sperm–oolemma fusion but not binding

Gynura procumbens (GP) has been widely used in traditional medicine due to its ability in treating various types of diseases. This study was carried out to determine the effects of GP on blood glucose level, fertility and libido of streptozotocin-induced male rats. A total of 42 male rats were randomly sorted into six groups; normal, negative and positive controls and three treated groups with different dosages of GP aqueous extract (GPAE); 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg. Each group was treated via oral feeding for 14 consecutive days. The rats were sacrificed on day 15 for further analysis. Administration of GPAE significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and increased the plasma testosterone level of diabetic-induced rats compared to the positive and negative control groups. There was also a significant increase in the sperm quality as well as the fertility of GPAE treated groups compared to the negative and positive control groups. Sexual behaviour analysis demonstrated that GPAE is able to facilitate the expression of sexual behaviour significantly; increased mounting frequency and reduced mounting latency. These lines of evidence suggested that GPAE can act as antihyperglycaemic, profertility and libido agents. However, its mechanism(s) remains unresolved.

/pdf/gynura-procumbens-leaf-improves-blood-glucose-level-restores-5c9tk2rjkw.pdf

Mahanem Mat Noor

Papers

Effects of Gynura procumbens Extract and Glibenclamide on Sperm Quality and Specific Activity of Testicular Lactate Dehydrogenase in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Monosodium glutamate daily oral supplementation: study of its effects on male reproductive system on rat model.

Antispermatogenic and antifertility effect of Pegaga (Centella asiatica L) on the testis of male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope of the sperm equatorial region and specifically inhibits sperm–oolemma fusion but not binding

Gynura procumbens leaf improves blood glucose level, restores fertility and libido of diabetic-induced male rats