Mahfud Mahfud

Bio: Mahfud Mahfud is an academic researcher from Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology. The author has contributed to research in topics: Extraction (chemistry) & Transesterification. The author has an hindex of 10, co-authored 102 publications receiving 448 citations.

The extraction of essential oils from patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth) using a microwave air-hydrodistillation method as a new green technique

Abstract: Nowadays, patchouli oil extraction in Indonesia is generally carried out using conventional methods, although such methods require large amounts of energy, solvents in significant amounts, and quite a long time. Therefore, in this study, patchouli oil extraction was done using a microwave hydrodistillation method. In addition to optimizing the extraction process of patchouli oil, this study used a development of the microwave hydrodistillation method, microwave air-hydrodistillation. Based on this research, it can be seen that patchouli oil extraction using the microwave air-hydrodistillation method is faster, produces a better yield and a higher accumulation of recovery than extraction using the standard microwave hydrodistillation method. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the composition of the compounds in the patchouli oils shows that the heavy fraction components obtained by microwave air-hydrodistillation are more numerous than those obtained using the microwave hydrodistillation method. Furthermore, an analysis of the electric consumption and the environmental impact of the microwave air-hydrodistillation method for patchouli oil extraction indicates that this method can be considered a new green technique.

Kinetic studies on extraction of essential oil from sandalwood (Santalum album) by microwave air-hydrodistillation method

Abstract: Essential oil from sandalwood is commonly obtained by conventional extraction methods which requires great energy, significant amount of solvents, and quite a long process time. Therefore, the use of new ‘green method’ for extracting essential oil with minimum/low energy, solvents, and time needs to be considered. One extraction method that has been successfully developed is microwave hydrodistillation method. This research employs a method developed from microwave hydrodistillation, that is microwave air-hydrodistillation for optimizing the extraction of essential oil. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the presence and absence of additional air flow to the microwave hydrodistillation method. The material used in this study includes sandalwood powder. The extractions by microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation methods were done on the power of 600 W; the ratio of the raw material to be extracted and the solvent was 0.05 g mL−1 and the extraction time was 120 min. In the extraction by microwave air-hydrodistillation, the rates of air flow used were 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 L/min. The results of the research show that the extraction of sandalwood oil by microwave air-hydrodistillation is faster and produces higher yields compared to the extraction by microwave hydrodistillation method. Based on kinetics modeling that has been done, it can be said that the second-order kinetic model more can represent well the experimental results of sandalwood oil extraction by microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation methods when compared with the first-order kinetic model. The testing of the physical properties of the sandalwood oil indicates that essential oil obtained by microwave hydrodistillation and microwave air-hydrodistillation has the same quality (refractive index and specific gravity). Further, the testing of the chemical properties of the sandalwood oil shows that essential oil obtained by microwave air-hydrodistillation has better quality (flavor) compared to the oil obtained by microwave hydrodistillation.

Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) Leaves

Abstract: Conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) methods has been compared and evaluated for their effectiveness in the isolation of essential oils (EOs) from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) leaves. The MAHD method offers important advantages over HD, viz. shorter extraction time (126 min vs. 417 min for HD); better yields (2.7227 % v/w vs. 2.6132 % v/w for HD); environmental impact (energy cost is appreciably higher for performing HD than that required for rapid MAHD extraction); and provides a more valuable EO (with high amounts of oxygenated compounds). It also offers the possibility for better reproduction of the natural aroma of the EO from patchouli leaves than that obtained using HD. The extraction of patchouli consisted of an initial, fast oil distillation followed by a slow oil distillation. Based on the experimental kinetic results, a semi-empirical model was fitted. The experimental investigation shows also that the operation time for MAHD in opposite to classical HD, for the same product quantity, was shorter. Higher yield results from higher extraction rates by microwave and could be due to a synergy of two transfer phenomena: mass and heat acting in the same way.

Solvent-free microwave extraction as the useful tool for extraction of edible essential oils

Abstract: Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) is proposed as a method for “green” extraction of edible essential oils extensively used in the fragrance, flavour, and pharmaceutical industries and also in aromatherapy. It is a combination of microwave heating and dry distillation, performed at atmospheric pressure without adding any solvent or water. Isolation and concentration of volatile compounds are performed by a single stage. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was extracted with SFME at atmospheric pressure and 373 K for 30 min. The extracted compounds were removed from the aqueous extract by simple decantation, identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydrodistillation (HD) of basil was performed with 400 ml of water for 4.5 h for comparison of the results with those provided by the proposed method. SFME method offers important advantages over HD, viz. shorter extraction times (30 min vs. 4.5 h); better yields (0.13 % vs. 0.11 %); environmental impact (energy cost is appreciably higher for performing HD than that required for rapid SFME), cleaner features (as no residue generation and no water or solvent used); and provides a more valuable essential oil. SFME is a green technology and appears as a good alternative for the extraction of edible essential oils from aromatic plants used in aromatherapy and food industry. Запропоновано використовувати мікрохвильову екстракцію без розчинника (МЕБР) як метод «зеленої технології» для екстракції харчових ефірних олій, які широко використовуються у парфумерній та фармацевтичній промисловості, а також в ароматерапії. Такий метод є поєднанням мікрохвильового нагріву та сухої перегонки за атмосферного тиску без додавання будь-якого розчинника або води. Виділення і концентрування летких сполук відбувається одностадійно. За допомогою вказаного методу проведено екстракцію базиліку (Ocimum Basilicum L.) за атмосферного тиску і 373 К протягом 30 хв. Екстраговані компоненти видалені з водного екстракту простою декантацією та ідентифіковані за допомогою газової хроматографії–мас-спектрометрії (ГХ-МС). Для порівняння отриманих результатів проведено гідродистиляцію (ГД) базиліку з 400 мл води протягом 4,5 год. Доведено, що запропонований МЕБР метод має важливі переваги порівняно з ГД, а саме: скорочення часу екстракції (30 хв проти 4,5 ч); вищий вихід (0,13% проти 0,11%); менший вплив на навколишнє середовище (затрати енергії є значно нижчими), не використовується вода або розчинник і не утворюються залишки; отримується більш цінна ефірна олія. Показано, що метод МЕБР відноситься до «зелених технологій» і є хорошою альтернативою для вилучення харчових ефірних олій з ароматичних рослин, які використовуються в ароматерапії і харчовій промисловості.

A critical analysis of extraction techniques used for botanicals: Trends, priorities, industrial uses and optimization strategies

Abstract: Plant extracts have been long used by the traditional healers for providing health benefits and are nowadays suitable ingredient for the production of formulated health products and nutraceuticals. Traditional methods of extraction such as maceration, percolation, digestion, and preparation of decoctions and infusions are now been replaced by advanced extraction methods for increased extraction efficiency and selectivity of bioactive compounds to meet up the increasing market demand. Advanced techniques use different ways for extraction such as microwaves, ultrasound waves, supercritical fluids, enzymes, pressurized liquids, electric field, etc. These innovative extraction techniques, afford final extracts selectively rich in compounds of interest without formation of artifacts, and are often simple, fast, environment friendly and fully automated compared to existing extraction method. The present review is focused on the recent trends on the extraction of different bioactive chemical constituents depending on the nature of sample matrices and their chemical classes including anthocyanins, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, oils, etc. In addition, we review the strategies for designing extraction, selection of most suitable extraction methods, and trends of extraction methods for botanicals. Recent progress on the research based on these advanced methods of extractions and their industrial importance are also discussed in detail.

Essential Oils as Natural Sources of Fragrance Compounds for Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals.

Abstract: Fragrance is an integral part of cosmetic products and is often regarded as an overriding factor in the selection of cosmetics among consumers. Fragrances also play a considerable role in masking undesirable smells arising from fatty acids, oils and surfactants that are commonly used in cosmetic formulations. Essential oils are vital assets in the cosmetic industry, as along with imparting pleasant aromas in different products, they are able to act as preservatives and active agents and, simultaneously, offer various benefits to the skin. Moreover, the stimulating demand for natural ingredients has contributed massively to a renewed interest in cosmetic and wellness industries in plant derivatives, especially essential oils. This has led popular cosmetic companies to endorse natural fragrances and opt for minimally processed natural ingredients, given the potentially adverse health risks associated with artificial fragrance chemicals, which are major elements of cosmetics. Among the high-valued essential oils used as fragrances are citrus, lavender, eucalyptus, tea tree and other floral oils, among others, while linalool, geraniol, limonene, citronellol, and citral are much-appreciated fragrance components used in different cosmetics. Thus, this review aimed to highlight the enormous versatility of essential oils as significant sources of natural fragrances in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Moreover, a special focus will be laid on the different aspects related to essential oils such as their sources, market demand, chemistry, fragrance classification, aroma profile, authenticity and safety.

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

Abstract: An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, and carbon-neutral. Although the homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, much attention is currently paid toward the chemical synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement and easily recovered, thus enhancing reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Furthermore, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area, and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlights the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts (including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts) derived from different chemicals, as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.