Maiju Grönvall

Bio: Maiju Grönvall is an academic researcher. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 4 citations.

Severe postpartum hemorrhage : etiology, management and long-term outcome with special emphasis on novel methods of management

Abstract: ........................................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS ....................................................................................................... 9 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 10

Obstetricia FIGO consensus guidelines on placenta accreta spectrum disorders: nonconservative surgical management

Abstract: For more than half a century after the first case series of placenta accreta was reported in 1937,1 the main and often only approach to management was a cesarean hysterectomy. This approach had the advantage of reducing the immediate risks of major hemorrhage associated with accreta placentation at a time when there was no access to blood transfusion. Over the last two decades, a variety of conservative options for the management of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders have evolved, each with varying rates of success, and peripartum and secondary complications.2–4 In a recent systematic review and meta- analysis of the outcome of placenta previa accreta diagnosed prenatally, 208 out of 232 (89.7%) cases had an elective or emergent cesarean hysterectomy.5 As a result of a lack of randomized clinical trials, the optimal management of PAS disorders remains undefined and is determined by the capacity to diagnose invasive placentation preoperatively, local expertise, depth of villous invasion, and presenting symptoms.4 In cases of high suspicion for PAS disorders during cesarean delivery, the majority of members of the Society for Maternal- Fetal Medicine (SMFM) proceed with hysterectomy and only 15%–32% report conservative management.6,7 However, there is considerable practice variation reported on aspects of care aroun delivery and hysterectomy by both obstetricians and maternal- fetal medicine specialists.6,8 There is also wide variation between high- incomecountries and low- and middle- income countries owing to limited or no access to specialist care and essentia additiona treatment, such as blood products for transfusion. Hysterectomy remains the definitive surgical treatment for PAS disorders, especially for its invasive forms, and a primary elective cesarean hysterectomy is the safest and most practical option for most low- and middle- income countries where diagnostic, follow- up, and additional treatments are not available. In this chapter, we review the evidence- based data onnonconservative surgery (i.e. cesarean hysterectomy) for the management of PAS disorders.

Medically-Indicated Late Preterm and Early Term Delivery

Abstract: The neonatal risks of late-preterm and early-term births are well established, and the potential neonatal complications associated with elective delivery at less than 39 0/7 weeks of gestation are well described. However, there are a number of maternal, fetal, and placental complications in which either a late-preterm or earlyterm delivery is warranted. The timing of delivery in such cases must balance the maternal and newborn risks of late-preterm and early-term delivery with the risks associated with further continuation of pregnancy. Deferring delivery to the 39th week is not recommended if there is a medical or obstetric indication for earlier delivery. If there is a clear indication for a late-preterm or early-term delivery for either maternal or newborn benefit, then delivery should occur regardless of the results of lung maturity testing. Conversely, if delivery could be delayed safely in the context of an immature lung profile result, then no clear indication for a late-preterm or early-term delivery exists. Also, there remain several conditions for which data to guide delivery timing are not available. Some examples of these conditions include uterine dehiscence or chronic placental abruption. Delivery timing in these circumstances should be individualized and based on the current clinical situation. This Committee Opinion is being revised to include frequent obstetric conditions that would necessitate delivery before 39 weeks of gestation and to apply the most up-to-date evidence supporting delivery recommendations.

Iconography : The association of placenta previa with history of cesarean delivery and abortion: A metaanalysis

Abstract: OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to determine the incidence of placenta previa based on the available epidemiologic evidence and to quantify the risk of placenta previa based on the presence and number of cesarean deliveries and a history of spontaneous and induced abortion. STUDY DESIGN We reviewed studies on placenta previa published between 1950 and 1996 on the basis of a comprehensive literature search with use of MEDLINE and by identifying studies cited in the references of published reports. Studies were chosen for inclusion in the metaanalysis if the incidence of placenta previa and its cross-classification with either prior cesarean delivery or abortions (both spontaneous and induced) or both were available. We also extracted details about the study design (case-control or cohort study) and place where they were conducted (United States or other countries). Published case reports dealing with placenta previa and studies relating to abruptio placentae were excluded from this review. We also restricted the search to studies published in English. No attempts were made to locate any unpublished studies. Data from studies identified during the literature search were reviewed and abstracted by a single author. In case of discrepancies or when the information presented in a study was unclear, abstraction by a (blinded) second reviewer was sought to resolve the discrepancy. RESULTS Data on the incidence of placenta previa and its associations with previous cesarean delivery and abortions were abstracted. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify potential sources of heterogeneity by study design and place where they were conducted. Statistical methods used for the metaanalysis included the fixed-effects logistic regression model, whereas potential sources of heterogeneity among studies were evaluated by fitting random-effects models. The tabulation of 36 studies identified a total of 3.7 million pregnant women, of whom 13,992 patients were diagnosed with placenta previa. The reported incidence of placenta previa ranged between 0.28% and 2.0%, or approximately 1 in 200 deliveries. Women with at least one prior cesarean delivery were 2.6 (95% confidence interval 2.3 to 3.0) times at greater risk for development of placenta previa in a subsequent pregnancy. The results varied by study design, with case-control studies showing a stronger relative risk (relative risk 3.8, 95% confidence interval 2.3 to 6.4) than cohort studies did (relative risk 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.1 to 2.8). Four studies, encompassing 170,640 pregnant women, provided data on the number of previous cesarean deliveries. These studies showed a dose-response pattern for the risk of previa on the basis of the number of prior cesarean deliveries. Relative risks were 4.5 (95% confidence interval 3.6 to 5.5) for one, 7.4 (95% confidence interval 7.1 to 7.7) for two, 6.5 (95% confidence interval 3.6 to 11.6) for three, and 44.9 (95% confidence interval 13.5 to 149.5) for four or more prior cesarean deliveries. Women with a history of spontaneous or induced abortion had a relative risk of placenta previa of 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 2.6) and 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 2.9), respectively. Substantial heterogeneity in the results of the metaanalysis was noted among studies. CONCLUSION There is a strong association between having a previous cesarean delivery, spontaneous or induced abortion, and the subsequent development of placenta previa. The risk increases with number of prior cesarean deliveries. Pregnant women with a history of cesarean delivery or abortion must be regarded as high risk for placenta previa and must be monitored carefully. This study provides yet another reason for reducing the rate of primary cesarean delivery and for advocating vaginal birth for women with prior cesarean delivery.