to many, however, it constantly appears as an instructional problem. The final two chapters serve as excellent summary statements. Chapter 13 emphasizes the application of previous text material to the classroom situation. Of great significance is the author's discussion of commonly defined independent, dependent, and moderator variables. The final chapter focuses on evaluation in the overall sense, particularly as it relates to programs of study. The principles of measurement and research design are applied to the evaluation process through several ex-

Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application:

Principles of Language Learning and Teaching

Learning Vocabulary in Another Language: Appendixes

Acknowledgements Introduction PART ONE - BACKGROUND Introduction 1. Second language acquisition research: an overview PART TWO - THE DESCRIPTION OF LEARNER LANGUAGE Introduction 2. Learner errors and error analysis 3. Developmental patterns: order and sequence in second language acquisition 4. Variability in learner language 5. Pragmatic aspects of learner language PART THREE - EXPLAINING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: EXTERNAL FACTORS Introduction 6. Social factors and second language acquisition 7. Input and interaction and second language acquisition PART FOUR - EXPLAINING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: INTERNAL FACTORS Introduction 8. Language transfer 9. Cognitive accounts of second language acquisition 10. Linguistic universals and second language acquisition PART FIVE - EXPLAINING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Introduction 11. Individual learner differences 12. Learning strategies PART SIX - CLASSROOM SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Introduction 13. Classroom interaction and second language acquisition 14. Formal instruction and second language acquisition PART SEVEN - CONCLUSION Introduction 15. Data, theory, and applications in second language acquisition research Glossary Bibliography Author index Subject index

第二语言习得研究 = The study of second language acquisition

Task Based Language Learning and Teaching

This study investigated Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards learning English in terms of the behavioral, cognitive and emotional aspects. It also explored whether there is any significant difference in the students’ attitudes towards English language based on their demographic profiles i.e., gender, field and year of study. A total of 180 participants in the three study years from three specializations of Basic Sciences, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences took a questionnaire as a measuring instrument. Regarding the three aspects of attitude i.e., cognitive, behavioral, and emotional, the participants showed negative attitudes towards learning English. On the demographic profile, there were statistically significant attitudinal differences regarding gender and field of study but not year of study. Based on the research findings, some recommendations are finally presented.

/pdf/efl-students-attitudes-towards-learning-english-language-the-20uygby1bs.pdf

EFL Students' Attitudes towards Learning English Language: The Case of Libyan Secondary School Students

This study investigated whether learners exposed to songs using YouTube would experience a change in vocabulary competence compared to those exposed to the traditional teacher-fronted approach. To fulfil this purpose, 68 Form Four students were selected from a government-run secondary school located in Kedah, Malaysia. These participants were then divided into two equal groups of experimental and control. The study was carried out over a six-week course (12 sessions). A vocabulary test was administered as a pretest for both groups prior to the treatment. There were twelve sessions of vocabulary lessons conducted with both groups in which the experimental group adopted songs and the control group underwent the traditional teacher-fronted approach. Data was gathered through a vocabulary pretest and posttest, on-going observations, and journal entries. Results revealed that the experimental group experienced a significant improvement in their vocabulary competence compared to the control group. Some recommendations are finally presented based on research findings.

/pdf/the-effectiveness-of-using-songs-in-youtube-to-improve-2q8v56i6a1.pdf

The Effectiveness of Using Songs in YouTube to Improve Vocabulary Competence among Upper Secondary School Studies

Teachers who teach English as a second language are committed to develop an understanding and improvement of second language writing as learning to write in the second language is a complicated process. Despite the numerous research on second language writing, the phenomenon of writing is constantly under investigation as teachers want to share the findings of each study which provides knowledge that resonates with their teaching experience. This case study is a report about the effect of process writing practice on the writing quality of three Form one students. This study uses observation, interview, students’ drafts, and writing and examination scores as sources for data collection. The analyses show some effects on their writing pace and writing quality. The findings also reveal that students are able to attempt writing despite the difficulty of the given writing task.

/pdf/the-effect-of-process-writing-practice-on-the-writing-26z4r8ynzx.pdf

The Effect of Process Writing Practice on the Writing Quality of Form One Students: A Case Study

It is assumed that all students read. This study was set to examine the reading habits of Malaysian Chinese students in the current era of technology and electronics. It also investigated if early intervention in reading would influence current reading habits. A questionnaire was used to investigate the participants’ general attitudes towards reading and their reading preferences. The gathered data highlighted what motivates students when they read for leisure and their preferred language of reading materials. In addition, it was revealed that the participants prefer the electronic media when reading for leisure but prefer the printed media to pass exams. The results are finally discussed.

/pdf/the-reading-habits-of-malaysian-chinese-university-students-3li5f2ma74.pdf

The Reading Habits of Malaysian Chinese University Students

This study intends to determine if online reading has an impact on Malaysian rural secondary school students’ reading habits. It employed a quantitative approach and the survey method was used. The sample consisted of 200 secondary school students. The respondents’ gender, preferred language, access to the internet, place of access, frequency, duration, interests as well as websites accessed were investigated. They were also interviewed to verify the findings. The findings revealed that online reading is a highly potent strategy in enhancing reading habits among these students. Concerning gender and hours spent on online reading males appeared to read more hours than females. The gathered data provided interesting insights into online reading habits. The results are discussed and recommendations are finally provided.

/pdf/a-survey-of-online-reading-habits-of-rural-secondary-school-26katt90m9.pdf

Majid Pourmohammadi

Papers

EFL Students' Attitudes towards Learning English Language: The Case of Libyan Secondary School Students

The Effectiveness of Using Songs in YouTube to Improve Vocabulary Competence among Upper Secondary School Studies

The Effect of Process Writing Practice on the Writing Quality of Form One Students: A Case Study

The Reading Habits of Malaysian Chinese University Students

A Survey of Online Reading Habits of Rural Secondary School Students in Malaysia