The social behaviour of anuran amphibians

We synthesize data on all known extant and fossil Coleoptera family-group names for the first time. A catalogue of 4887 family-group names (124 fossil, 4763 extant) based on 4707 distinct genera in Coleoptera is given. A total of 4492 names are available, 183 of which are permanently invalid because they are based on a preoccupied or a suppressed type genus. Names are listed in a classification framework. We recognize as valid 24 superfamilies, 211 families, 541 subfamilies, 1663 tribes and 740 subtribes. For each name, the original spelling, author, year of publication, page number, correct stem and type genus are included. The original spelling and availability of each name were checked from primary literature. A list of necessary changes due to Priority and Homonymy problems, and actions taken, is given. Current usage of names was conserved, whenever possible, to promote stability of the classification.

New synonymies (family-group names followed by genus-group names): Agronomina Gistel, 1848 syn. nov. of Amarina Zimmermann, 1832 (Carabidae), Hylepnigalioini Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. of Melandryini Leach, 1815 (Melandryidae), Polycystophoridae Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. of Malachiinae Fleming, 1821 (Melyridae), Sclerasteinae Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. of Ptilininae Shuckard, 1839 (Ptinidae), Phloeonomini Adam, 2001 syn. nov. of Omaliini MacLeay, 1825 (Staphylinidae), Sepedophilini Adam, 2001 syn. nov. of Tachyporini MacLeay, 1825 (Staphylinidae), Phibalini Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. of Cteniopodini Solier, 1835 (Tenebrionidae); Agronoma Gistel 1848 (type species Carabus familiaris Duftschmid, 1812, designated herein) syn. nov. of Amara Bonelli, 1810 (Carabidae), Hylepnigalio Gistel, 1856 (type species Chrysomela caraboides Linnaeus, 1760, by monotypy) syn. nov. of Melandrya Fabricius, 1801 (Melandryidae), Polycystophorus Gistel, 1856 (type species Cantharis aeneus Linnaeus, 1758, designated herein) syn. nov. of Malachius Fabricius, 1775 (Melyridae), Sclerastes Gistel, 1856 (type species Ptilinus costatus Gyllenhal, 1827, designated herein) syn. nov. of Ptilinus Geoffroy, 1762 (Ptinidae), Paniscus Gistel, 1848 (type species Scarabaeus fasciatus Linnaeus, 1758, designated herein) syn. nov. of Trichius Fabricius, 1775 (Scarabaeidae), Phibalus Gistel, 1856 (type species Chrysomela pubescens Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy) syn. nov. of Omophlus Dejean, 1834 (Tenebrionidae). The following new replacement name is proposed: Gompeliina Bouchard, 2011 nom. nov. for Olotelina Baguena Corella, 1948 (Aderidae).

Reversal of Precedence (Article 23.9) is used to conserve usage of the following names (family-group names followed by genus-group names): Perigonini Horn, 1881 nom. protectum over Trechicini Bates, 1873 nom. oblitum (Carabidae), Anisodactylina Lacordaire, 1854 nom. protectum over Eurytrichina LeConte, 1848 nom. oblitum (Carabidae), Smicronychini Seidlitz, 1891 nom. protectum over Desmorini LeConte, 1876 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Bagoinae Thomson, 1859 nom. protectum over Lyprinae Gistel 1848 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Aterpina Lacordaire, 1863 nom. protectum over Heliomenina Gistel, 1848 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Naupactini Gistel, 1848 nom. protectum over Iphiini Schonherr, 1823 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Cleonini Schonherr, 1826 nom. protectum over Geomorini Schonherr, 1823 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Magdalidini Pascoe, 1870 nom. protectum over Scardamyctini Gistel, 1848 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Agrypninae/-ini Candeze, 1857 nom. protecta over Adelocerinae/-ini Gistel, 1848 nom. oblita and Pangaurinae/-ini Gistel, 1856 nom. oblita (Elateridae), Prosternini Gistel, 1856 nom. protectum over Diacanthini Gistel, 1848 nom. oblitum (Elateridae), Calopodinae Costa, 1852 nom. protectum over Sparedrinae Gistel, 1848 nom. oblitum (Oedemeridae), Adesmiini Lacordaire, 1859 nom. protectum over Macropodini Agassiz, 1846 nom. oblitum (Tenebrionidae), Bolitophagini Kirby, 1837 nom. protectum over Eledonini Billberg, 1820 nom. oblitum (Tenebrionidae), Throscidae Laporte, 1840 nom. protectum over Stereolidae Rafinesque, 1815 nom. oblitum (Throscidae) and Lophocaterini Crowson, 1964 over Lycoptini Casey, 1890 nom. oblitum (Trogossitidae); Monotoma Herbst, 1799 nom. protectum over Monotoma Panzer, 1792 nom. oblitum (Monotomidae); Pediacus Shuckard, 1839 nom. protectum over Biophloeus Dejean, 1835 nom. oblitum (Cucujidae), Pachypus Dejean, 1821 nom. protectum over Pachypus Billberg, 1820 nom. oblitum (Scarabaeidae), Sparrmannia Laporte, 1840 nom. protectum over Leocaeta Dejean, 1833 nom. oblitum and Cephalotrichia Hope, 1837 nom. oblitum (Scarabaeidae).

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Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)

In addition to the bacteria in the rumen there are many larger (5–250/mm long) organisms which at various times have been designated protozoa Of these the ‘ovals’ (Quin’s and Eadie’s) are now known to be large bacteria (Orpin, 1976) and the ‘flagellates’ Neocallimastix frontalis, Piromonas communis and Sphaeromonas communis are the zoospores of phycomycete fungi (Orpin, 1977a, b) There are genuine flagellates in the rumen, eg Trichomonas spp, Monoceromonas sp and Chilomastix sp, but almost nothing is known about their metabolism (Jensen and Hammon, 1964) The largest, most obvious and most important protozoa are the ciliates, of which there are two groups both in the subclass Trichostomatia The so called ‘holotrich’ protozoa belong to the order Vestibuliferida and the entodiniomorphs to the order Entodiniomorphida, suborder Entodiniomorphina and family Ophryoscolecidae As the properties and metabolism of these two protozoal groups are different, they will be considered separately below

The Rumen Protozoa

Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles

Preface.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Characteristics of urban flora and fauna.- 2.1 Proliferation of introduced species.- 2.2 Severe disturbance.- 2.3 Increased opportunities for dispersal.- 2.4 Habitat diversity.- 2.5 Taxonomic and evolutionary aspects.- 2.6 Vertebrates.- 2.7 Invertebrates.- 2.8 Planted vegetation.- 2.9 Historical factors.- 3 The urban climate and air pollution.- 3.1 Climate.- 3.2 Air pollution.- 4 Soils in urban areas.- 4.1 The classification of urban soils.- 4.2 Conspectus.- 4.3 Characteristics of urban soils.- 4.4 Brick rubble.- 4.5 Topsoiled sites.- 5 Vegetation dynamics.- 5.1 Ecological change as greenfield sites become developed.- 5.2 Ecological change as urban land is recycled.- 5.3 Postdevelopment.- 5.4 Discussion.- 6 Urban commons.- 6.1 Plants.- 6.2 Animals.- 6.3 Research opportunities.- 7 Industrial areas.- 7.1 Raw materials.- 7.2 Buildings, structures, hard landscapes.- 7.3 Energy aspects.- 7.4 Stores and warehouses.- 7.5 Solid waste material.- 7.6 Modern trends.- 8 Railways.- 8.1 The permanent way.- 8.2 Sidings.- 8.3 Brickwork and masonry.- 8.4 Verges.- 8.5 Boundary features.- 9 Roads.- 9.1 Road design.- 9.2 Exhaust emissions.- 9.3 De-icing salt.- 9.4 Traffic stress.- 9.5 Street trees.- 9.6 Grass verges.- 9.7 Animals.- 10 City centres.- 10.1 Animals.- 10.2 Vegetation.- 10.3 Interactions.- 11 City parks.- 11.1 Habitats within a park.- 11.2 Grassland.- 11.3 Growth retardants and herbicides.- 11.4 The changing wild flora of parks.- 11.5 Lakes.- 11.6 Mammals.- 11.7 Birds.- 11.8 Invertebrates.- 12 Allotments and leisure gardens.- 12.1 Background.- 12.2 Cultivated plots.- 12.3 Secondary successions.- 12.4 Birds.- 12.5 Supplementary habitats.- 12.6 Fostering wildlife on allotments.- 13 Cemeteries.- 13.1 Background.- 13.2 Structure planting.- 13.3 Shrubs.- 13.4 The ground layer.- 13.5 Grave plots.- 13.6 Relic communities.- 13.7 Succession.- 13.8 Management options.- 14 Gardens.- 14.1 Vegetation.- 14.2 Animals.- 14.3 Discussion.- 15 Rivers, canals, ponds, lakes, reservoirs and water mains.- 15.1 Urban hydrology.- 15.2 Rivers.- 15.3 Canals.- 15.4 Ponds, lakes, reservoirs and water mains.- 16 Woodland.- 16.1 The archaeology of a small urban wood.- 16.2 Ancient seminatural woodland.- 16.3 Plantations on the site of ancient woodland.- 16.4 Spontaneous recent woodland.- 16.5 Plantations.- 16.6 Birds.- 17 Living with wildlife.- 17.1 The aesthetic conflict.- 17.2 Social considerations.- 17.3 Design and management.- 17.4 Benefits for all.- References.

The Ecology of Urban Habitats

WE congratulate the editor and author on the appearance of another half-volume of this important work. The present instalment is devoted to the homopterous family Jassidæ, subfani. v. Jassinae (including Acocephalinae), comprising twelve divisions, and subfam. Typhlocybinas, with two divisions. The species included are numbered from 2509 to 2696. An appendix is commenced, including additions to the Rhynchota Heteroptera discussed in vol. i.; and the portion now published relates to the families Penta-tomidae, Coreidae, arid Berytidae, and the additional species are numbered from 2697 to 2768. The general character of “The Fauna of British India” is so well known, and has been so frequently commented on, that it is only necessary to say that the present half-volume is similar to those which have preceded it, and that the high character of the series is fully maintained.The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Edited by Lt.-Col. C. T. Bingham. Rhynchota. Vol. iv., part ii. Homoptera and Appendix (Part i.) By W. L. Distant. (London: Taylor and Francis, 1908.) Price 10s.

Malcolm Smith

Papers

The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma

The British amphibians and reptiles

Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae)

A physician at the court of Siam

Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. III. Serpentes