There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Progressive utilisation prospects of coal fly ash: A review

Nanotechnology manifests the progression in the arena of research and development, by increasing the efficacy of the product through delivery of innovative solutions. To overcome certain drawbacks associated with the traditional products, application of nanotechnology is escalating in the area of cosmeceuticals. Cosmeceuticals are regarded as the fastest growing segment of the personal care industry and the use has risen drastically over the years. Nanocosmeceuticals used for skin, hair, nail, and lip care, for conditions like wrinkles, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, dandruff, and hair damage, have come into widespread use. Novel nanocarriers like liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, microemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, and nanospheres have replaced the usage of conventional delivery system. These novel nanocarriers have advantages of enhanced skin penetration, controlled and sustained drug release, higher stability, site specific targeting, and high entrapment efficiency. However, nanotoxicological researches have indicated concern regarding the impact of increased use of nanoparticles in cosmeceuticals as there are possibilities of nanoparticles to penetrate through skin and cause health hazards. This review on nanotechnology used in cosmeceuticals highlights the various novel carriers used for the delivery of cosmeceuticals, their positive and negative aspects, marketed formulations, toxicity, and regulations of nanocosmeceuticals.

/pdf/role-of-nanotechnology-in-cosmeceuticals-a-review-of-recent-3uzt5hjmk0.pdf

Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Recent Advances.

Carbon has long been applied as an electrochemical sensing interface owing to its unique electrochemical properties. Moreover, recent advances in material design and synthesis, particularly nanomaterials, has produced robust electrochemical sensing systems that display superior analytical performance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most extensively studied nanostructures because of their unique properties. In terms of electroanalysis, the ability of CNTs to augment the electrochemical reactivity of important biomolecules and promote electron transfer reactions of proteins is of particular interest. The remarkable sensitivity of CNTs to changes in surface conductivity due to the presence of adsorbates permits their application as highly sensitive nanoscale sensors. CNT-modified electrodes have also demonstrated their utility as anchors for biomolecules such as nucleic acids, and their ability to diminish surface fouling effects. Consequently, CNTs are highly attractive to researchers as a basis for many electrochemical sensors. Similarly, synthetic diamonds electrochemical properties, such as superior chemical inertness and biocompatibility, make it desirable both for (bio) chemical sensing and as the electrochemical interface for biological systems. This is highlighted by the recent development of multiple electrochemical diamond-based biosensors and bio interfaces.

/pdf/carbon-nanomaterials-and-their-application-to-3bn9cbuw1n.pdf

Carbon nanomaterials and their application to electrochemical sensors: A review

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) represent one of the most unique materials in the field of nanotechnology. CNT are the allotrope of carbon having sp2 hybridization. CNT are considered to be rolled-up graphene with a nanostructure that can have a length to diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. CNT can be single-, double-, and multi-walled. CNT have unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, all of which have been extensively studied. The novel properties of CNT are their light weight, small size with a high aspect ratio, good tensile strength, and good conducting characteristics, which make them useful for various applications. The present review is focused on the structure, properties, toxicity, synthesis methods, growth mechanism and their applications. Techniques that have been developed to synthesize CNT in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, etc., have been explained. The toxic effect of CNT is also presented in a summarized form. Recent CNT applications showing a very promising glimpse into the future of CNT in nanotechnology such as optics, electronics, sensing, mechanical, electrical, storage, and other fields of materials science are presented in the review.

Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties and engineering applications

Mixed carbon nanotube bundles (MCBs) are considered to be highly potential interconnect solutions in the current nanoscale regime. Different MCBs with random and spatial arrangements are proposed based on the placements of single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (SWNTs and MWNTs) in a bundle. Propagation delay and dynamic crosstalk performances are analyzed using the modified equivalent single conductor model of proposed MCB topologies. Encouragingly, a significant reduction in propagation delay and crosstalk delay is observed for a spatial arrangement of an MCB wherein MWNTs are placed peripherally to the centrally located SWNTs. Typically, the average delay with and without crosstalk is improved by 82.8% and 80%, respectively, compared to the MCB having randomly distributed SWNTs and MWNTs.

Analysis of Delay and Dynamic Crosstalk in Bundled Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

Multilayer graphene nanoribbons (MLGNRs) have potentially provided attractive solutions in an intensely growing researched area of interconnects. However, for MLGNR interconnects, the doping is inevitable since the conductivity of neutral MLGNR is much lower than even Cu. Therefore, a doped MLGNR can potentially exhibits smaller resistance in comparison to Cu wires. This paper analyzes and compares the power, delay, and bandwidth performance of Cu and doped MLGNR using an equivalent single conductor model. For similar dimensions, the overall delay and power dissipation of doped MLGNR is substantially smaller by 86.13% and 43.72%, respectively, in comparison to the Cu interconnects. Moreover, MLGNR demonstrates prominently improved bandwidth and relative stability at global interconnect dimensions. However, a narrow width MLGNR in a realistic scenario exhibits rough edges that significantly reduces the mean free path and, thereby, raises its resistance. Considering these facts, this paper for the first time analyzes and compares the performance of Cu and MLGNR interconnects with different edge roughness conditions.

Time and Frequency Domain Analysis of MLGNR Interconnects

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and bundled single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) interconnect have provided potentially attractive solution in current deep submicrometer and nanoscale technology. This letter presents a comparative analysis between the MWCNT and the bundled SWCNT at different global interconnect lengths in terms of crosstalk-induced time delay and area by using a three-line-bus architecture. Each line of the bus architecture is replaced by the RLC models of the MWCNT and bundled-SWCNT interconnects. The crosstalk-induced time delay is predicted at the middle line (victim) when the other two lines (aggressors) are switched in the opposite direction. From HSPICE circuit simulation results, it has been observed that the overall improvement in the delay is 52.4% more for the MWCNT as compared with the equivalent bundled-SWCNT interconnects. Consequently, on an average, the MWCNT requires 97.8% lesser area as compared with the bundled-SWCNT interconnects for the same crosstalk-induced time delay.

Analysis of MWCNT and Bundled SWCNT Interconnects: Impact on Crosstalk and Area

This chapter presents the unique atomic structure and properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) The electronic band structure of carbon nanotube along with their small size and low dimension are responsible for their unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties This chapter summarizes the electronic band structure of one-dimensional CNTs, various transport properties, and their real-world applications Additionally, a brief about the production and purification of CNTs is also presented in this chapter

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-81-322-2047-3_2.pdf

Carbon Nanotube: Properties and Applications

This reported research analyses and compares the bandwidth and absolute frequency response of a multi-layer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) and a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) at local, semi-global and global interconnect lengths. The transfer function of the driver-interconnect-load system is obtained by representing the interconnect line with an equivalent single conductor model of either a MLGNR or a MWCNT. Using absolute frequency response, it is observed that the bandwidth of the MLGNR is higher by almost ten times and four times in comparison to the MWCNT for local and global interconnect lengths, respectively.

Manoj Kumar Majumder

Papers

Analysis of Delay and Dynamic Crosstalk in Bundled Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

Time and Frequency Domain Analysis of MLGNR Interconnects

Analysis of MWCNT and Bundled SWCNT Interconnects: Impact on Crosstalk and Area

Carbon Nanotube: Properties and Applications

Frequency response and bandwidth analysis of multi-layer graphene nanoribbon and multi-walled carbon nanotube interconnects