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Flow The Psychology Of Optimal Experience

We examine the current performance and future demands of interconnects to and on silicon chips. We compare electrical and optical interconnects and project the requirements for optoelectronic and optical devices if optics is to solve the major problems of interconnects for future high-performance silicon chips. Optics has potential benefits in interconnect density, energy, and timing. The necessity of low interconnect energy imposes low limits especially on the energy of the optical output devices, with a ~ 10 fJ/bit device energy target emerging. Some optical modulators and radical laser approaches may meet this requirement. Low (e.g., a few femtofarads or less) photodetector capacitance is important. Very compact wavelength splitters are essential for connecting the information to fibers. Dense waveguides are necessary on-chip or on boards for guided wave optical approaches, especially if very high clock rates or dense wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is to be avoided. Free-space optics potentially can handle the necessary bandwidths even without fast clocks or WDM. With such technology, however, optics may enable the continued scaling of interconnect capacity required by future chips.

Device Requirements for Optical Interconnects to Silicon Chips

Micromachining technology was used to prepare chemical analysis systems on glass chips (1 centimeter by 2 centimeters or larger) that utilize electroosmotic pumping to drive fluid flow and electrophoretic separation to distinguish sample components. Capillaries 1 to 10 centimeters long etched in the glass (cross section, 10 micrometers by 30 micrometers) allow for capillary electrophoresis-based separations of amino acids with up to 75,000 theoretical plates in about 15 seconds, and separations of about 600 plates can be effected within 4 seconds. Sample treatment steps within a manifold of intersecting capillaries were demonstrated for a simple sample dilution process. Manipulation of the applied voltages controlled the directions of fluid flow within the manifold. The principles demonstrated in this study can be used to develop a miniaturized system for sample handling and separation with no moving parts.

Micromachining a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis-based chemical analysis system on a chip

The various arguments for introducing optical interconnections to silicon CMOS chips are summarized, and the challenges for optical, optoelectronic, and integration technologies are discussed. Optics could solve many physical problems of interconnects, including precise clock distribution, system synchronization (allowing larger synchronous zones, both on-chip and between chips), bandwidth and density of long interconnections, and reduction of power dissipation. Optics may relieve a broad range of design problems, such as crosstalk, voltage isolation, wave reflection, impedence matching, and pin inductance. It may allow continued scaling of existing architectures and enable novel highly interconnected or high-bandwidth architectures. No physical breakthrough is required to implement dense optical interconnects to silicon chips, though substantial technological work remains. Cost is a significant barrier to practical introduction, though revolutionary approaches exist that might achieve economies of scale. An Appendix analyzes scaling of on-chop global electrical interconnects, including line inductance and the skin effect, both of which impose significant additional constraints on future interconnects.

/pdf/rationale-and-challenges-for-optical-interconnects-to-5clh2238g9.pdf

Rationale and challenges for optical interconnects to electronic chips

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an exhaustive review of research studies and activities in the inkjet printing of conductive materials.Design/methodology/approach – This paper gives a detailed literature survey of research carried out in inkjet printing of conductive materials.Findings – This article explains the inkjet printing process and the various types of conductive inks. It then examines the various factors that affect the quality of inkjet printed interconnects such as printing parameters, materials and substrate treatments. Methods of characterising both the inkjet printing process and the electrical properties of printed conductive materials are also presented. Finally relevant applications of this technology are described.Originality/value – Inkjet printing is currently one of the cheapest direct write techniques for manufacturing. The use of this technique in electronic manufacturing, where interconnects and other conductive features are required is an area of increasing rele...

Inkjet printing of conductive materials: a review

This review examines the current state of the art lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic based biosensor technologies used in the detection of cardiac biomarkers. The determination and quantification of blood based, cardiac biomarkers are crucial in the triage and management of a range of cardiac related conditions, where time delay has a major impact on short and longer-term outcomes of a patient. The design and manufacturing of biomarker detection systems are multi-disciplinary in nature and require researchers to have knowledge of both life sciences and engineering for the full potential of this field to be realised. This review will therefore provide a comprehensive overview of chip based immunosensing technology as applied to cardiac biomarker detection, while discussing the potential suitability and limitations of each configuration for incorporation within a clinical diagnostics device suitable for point-of-care applications.

/pdf/lab-on-a-chip-based-immunosensor-principles-and-technologies-1kmv5ys7w2.pdf

Lab-on-a-chip based immunosensor principles and technologies for the detection of cardiac biomarkers: a review

The separation of red blood cells from plasma flowing in microchannels is possible by biophysical effects such as the Zweifach–Fung bifurcation law. In the present study, daughter channels are placed alongside a main channel such that cells and plasma are collected separately. The device is aimed to be a versatile but yet very simple module producing high-speed and high-efficiency plasma separation. The resulting lab-on-a-chip is manufactured using biocompatible materials. Purity efficiency is measured for mussel and human blood suspensions as different parameters, such as flow rate and geometries of the parent and daughter channels are varied. The issues of blood plasma separation at the microscale are discussed in relation to the different regimes of flow. Results are compared with those obtained by other researchers in the field of micro-separation of blood.

Hydrodynamic blood plasma separation in microfluidic channels

Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have become increasingly suitable solutions for the electrical powering of advanced multifunctional micro-electronic devices such as those found in current biomedical implants The design and implementation of high power transfer efficiency WPT systems are, however, challenging The size of the WPT system, the separation distance between the outside environment and location of the implanted medical device inside the body, the operating frequency and tissue safety due to power dissipation are key parameters to consider in the design of WPT systems This article provides a systematic review of the wide range of WPT systems that have been investigated over the last two decades to improve overall system performance The various strategies implemented to transfer wireless power in implantable medical devices (IMDs) were reviewed, which includes capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and, more recently, acoustic and optical powering methods The strengths and limitations of all these techniques are benchmarked against each other and particular emphasis is placed on comparing the implanted receiver size, the WPT distance, power transfer efficiency and tissue safety presented by the resulting systems Necessary improvements and trends of each WPT techniques are also indicated per specific IMD

Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review.

Recent advances in microparticle separation in continuous flow are presented. It is intended for scientists in the field of separation science in biology, chemistry and microsystems engineering. Recent techniques of micron-sized particle separation within microsystems are described with emphasis on five different categories: optical, magnetic, fluidic-only, electrical and minor separation methods. Examples from the growing literature are explained with insights on separation efficiency and microengineering challenges. Current applications of the techniques are discussed.

Marc P.Y. Desmulliez

Papers

Inkjet printing of conductive materials: a review

Lab-on-a-chip based immunosensor principles and technologies for the detection of cardiac biomarkers: a review

Hydrodynamic blood plasma separation in microfluidic channels

Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review.

Recent advances in microparticle continuous separation