What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

The Concept Of Law

Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. Lawrence Lessig. New York: Basic Books, 1999. 230 pp. $21 hbk. Lawrence Lessig's Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace is perhaps the most original book yet written about cyberspace law. With an accessible style that is rich in anecdotes and metaphors and surprisingly low on legal and technical jargon, Lessig, a constitutional law scholar at Harvard and a consultant on the Microsoft antitrust case, writes for a wide scholarly audience. Even more than the recent The Control Revolution (New York: Century Foundation, 1999) by Andrew Shapiro, Lessig has managed to write about a rapidly evolving subject at a level of abstraction and theoretical sophistication that ensures that his contribution will long remain relevant. Central to Lessig's theoretical framework is his breakdown of four modalities of regulation: law, economic markets, norms, and an intriguing category he calls "architecture." Architecture includes constraints that the natural world imposes or that people construct-for example, speed bumps on roads. The architecture in cyberspace is computer code: code constructs the cyber-world. Consider the example of pornography regulation. Lessig contrasts how these four modalities of regulation control access to pornography in "real space" and in cyberspace, vividly demonstrating why a simple translation of existing law from "real space" to cyberspace is often impossible. In real space, pornography is extensively regulated through all four modalities, in ways that limit children's access to it. Laws require that vendors sell pornography only to adults. Markets prevent children from accessing pornography because it costs money. Norms help limit children's access to pornography, both by stigmatizing pornography and stigmatizing dealers who would sell it to children. In the category of real space "architecture," there is the simple matter of how a child is: even if a child attempted to disguise himself as an adult, he would probably notbe successful at fooling a salesperson. These four kinds of constraints may be imperfect, but are reasonably effective in limiting children's access to pornography in real space, Lessig contends. In cyberspace, however, the modalities of regulation of pornography operate differently and less effectively. Law is unsettled. Markets are different in at least two ways: distribution of digital files is much cheaper than distribution of printed material or videos, and though there are plenty of commercial pornography sites, much pornography can be accessed at no cost through newsgroups. Differences in the "architecture" of cyberspace are crucial because they allow faceless transactions. Faceless transactions may make disguising identity and age simple, therefore allowing a child to avoid the restrictions of law and norms. Thus the "real space" regulatory regime is upset, making pornography generally more available to children in cyberspace. Ways of filtering content or zoning the Internet are now extensively debated, but no simple transfer of the offline constraints to cyberspace seems possible. As he applies his theory to pornography regulation and the regulation of intellectual property and privacy, Lessig emphasizes that not only the codes of law but computer codethe "architecture" of cyberspace-an "embed" values and enable government and private actors to control behavior. …

Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace

Playing by the Rules: A Philosophical Examination of Rule‐based Decision‐Making in Law and in Life

A wide literature exists on the food habits of the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) in South America. However, this information is scarce for the arid lands of Argentina. Owl's diet composition in the Somuncura Plateau and its seasonal variations were estimated. The Somuncura landscape is a volcanic plateau conformed by superimposed layers of basalt flows. The climate is arid and cold and the vegetation is characterized by a grassy steppe of the Patagonian Phytogeographical Province. Pellets were collected during late spring and late summer around two lagoons from upper elevations (41°25′35″S, 66°57′27″W, 1412 m a.s.l.). These were measured, dissected and prey were identified and quantified. Sample richness, biomass and food-niche breadth were calculated as dietary parameters. Small mammals availability was estimated by trapping. The Burrowing Owl showed a generalist diet, including a wide variety of prey from invertebrates to vertebrates. Coleopterans were dominant in the spring diet, while rodents and...

Diet of the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) and its seasonal variation in Patagonian steppes: implications for biodiversity assessments in the Somuncurá Plateau Protected Area, Argentina

A previsao de um rol taxativo no Codigo de Processo Civil brasileiro para a interposicao do agravo de instrumento (art 1015, Lei n 13105/2015) gerou muitas controversias na doutrina e jurisprudencia, o que motivou o Superior Tribunal de Justica a enfrentar a problematica, fixando tese no sentido de reconhecer uma relativizacao do rol restrito de hipoteses de cabimento, permitindo sua ampliacao para alcancar decisoes que possam tornar ineficaz a decisao final, diante de comprovada urgencia (REsp 1696396 e REsp 1704520, j 05122018) Este posicionamento foi fundamental para se garantir a efetividade das decisoes judiciais no processo de familia, que se liga a dignidade humana e a honra do jurisdicionado e, em ultima analise, aos direitos da personalidade Assim, com esteio no metodo hipotetico-dedutivo, aplicando a doutrina e jurisprudencia na exegese legal, o presente artigo objetivou destacar a possibilidade de ampliacao mitigada do recurso de agravo de instrumento, especialmente no processo de familia

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Cabimento do agravo de instrumento para a efetivação do processo de família: exegese ampliativa do art. 1.015 do cpc a partir da configuração da urgência e o direito da personalidade

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11761-020-00305-x.pdf

AI in legal services: new trends in AI-enabled legal services

Food habits of a population ate the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) at the Joaquina Beach were estudied Pellets regurgited by burrowing owls contained a wide variety of prey remains The 476 pellets examined yielded 4307 prey items Insects were the most frequent items identified in the pellets

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Hábitos alimentares de Athene cunicularia (Mollina, 1782) (Aves: Strigidae) na restinga da praia da Joaquina, Ilha de Santa Catarina, SC

O comportamento da coruja-buraqueira, (Athene cunicularia) foi estudado na restinga da praia da Joaquina, entre os meses de abril de 1989 a setembro de 1990 onde abordaram-se aspectos relativos a periodos de atividades, comportamento de caca e a construcao de tocas. Foi observado que as aves gastam de 72% de seu tempo nas proximidades das tocas, principalmente com atividades de repouso. O restante do tempo (28%), as corujas gastam com atividades de forrageamento, sendo que esta ocorre principalmente no crepusculo. Sao descritos tres metodos de caca utilizados pelas aves. A construcao de tocas e feita pelas corujas atraves da escavacao da areia com as patas. As tocas sao utilizadas para nidificacao e protecao dos filhotes.

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Aspectos do comportamento de Athene Cunicularia (Molina, 1782) (Alves: Strigidae), na restinga da Praia da Joaquina, Ilha de Santa Catarina, SC

Intellectual Property (IP) is increasingly recognised as a paramount intangible asset influencing the value of companies, as well as their corporate strategies and management This paper focuses on the impact of implementing Industry 40 (I40) on the management of IP in collaborative inter-organisational interconnected networks Such interconnected networks will allow groups of companies, often competitors and/or customers, to share data and to collaborate in the design, development and manufacture of complex products and/or services, exchanging large amounts of proprietary technical data Furthermore, this paper explores how companies can benefit from the interconnected network capabilities, whilst protecting them from any risks regarding the vulnerability of IP assets to misappropriation, unauthorized use or leakage The focus of this study is the UK manufacturing industry, where formal contractual tools are being deployed to support IP management in collaborative projects It relies on an in-depth study of IP management practices in the UK manufacturing supply chain to critically assess the current state of practice in order to provide answers to the risks emanating from IP management in this new and complex collaborative setting This paper concludes that IP and contractual tools deployed in this new environment must be underpinned by the business strategy and the business model In addition, changes to organisational structures are necessary to bring together functions that typically operate in silos in many manufacturing businesses, namely: Engineering, Information Technology, Commercial and Legal Departments

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Marcelo Negri Soares

Papers

Cabimento do agravo de instrumento para a efetivação do processo de família: exegese ampliativa do art. 1.015 do cpc a partir da configuração da urgência e o direito da personalidade

AI in legal services: new trends in AI-enabled legal services

Hábitos alimentares de Athene cunicularia (Mollina, 1782) (Aves: Strigidae) na restinga da praia da Joaquina, Ilha de Santa Catarina, SC

Aspectos do comportamento de Athene Cunicularia (Molina, 1782) (Alves: Strigidae), na restinga da Praia da Joaquina, Ilha de Santa Catarina, SC

Industry 4.0: Horizontal Integration and Intellectual Property Law Strategies In England