抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

Continuous control of chaos by self-controlling feedback

We explore in this chapter questions of existence and uniqueness for solutions to stochastic differential equations and offer a study of their properties. This endeavor is really a study of diffusion processes. Loosely speaking, the term diffusion is attributed to a Markov process which has continuous sample paths and can be characterized in terms of its infinitesimal generator.

Stochastic Differential Equations

/pdf/introduction-to-the-modern-theory-of-dynamical-systems-1eced70mum.pdf

Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems

Starting from a chaotic regime in the dynamics of a Duffing-Holmes oscillator, we show how it is possible, by means of a small parametric perturbation of suitable frequency, to bring the system to a regular regime. This situation is studied from the analytic point of view using the Melnikov method and from the numerical point of view computing Lyapunov exponents. The corresponding bounds for the perturbation are compared. Noting that the time, measured along the original unperturbed separatrix, that elapses between two successive homoclinic intersections grows when we approach the resonance, we propose a possible scenario for this type of regularization of the dynamics.

Suppression of chaos by resonant parametric perturbations.

Geometric approach to Hamiltonian dynamics and statistical mechanics

Background in Physics.- Geometrization of Hamiltonian Dynamics.- Integrability.- Geometry and Chaos.- Geometry of Chaos and Phase Transitions.- Topological Hypothesis on the Origin.- Geometry, Topology and Thermodynamics.- Phase Transitions and Topology: Necessity Theorems.- Phase Transitions and Topology: Exact Results.- Future Developments.

/pdf/geometry-and-topology-in-hamiltonian-dynamics-and-3s7cmfl41a.pdf

Geometry and Topology in Hamiltonian Dynamics and Statistical Mechanics

This submission has been withdrawn by arXiv administrators because it is incomplete and thus violates arXiv policy.

Etude du modele β de Fermi-Pasta-Ulam, par integration numerique des equations de mouvement pour un systeme de N oscillateurs couples non lineairement, N allant de 64 a 512. Le nombre Δn de modes initialement excites est tel que le rapport Δn/N est maintenu constant. On considere le systeme comme un gaz de phonons faiblement couples (modes normaux). Avec Δn/N constant, on trouve une analogie avec la limite thermodynamique de la mecanique statistique, ou le rapport M/V est constant quand le volume V et le nombre de particules M deviennent infinis

Marco Pettini

Papers

Suppression of chaos by resonant parametric perturbations.

Geometric approach to Hamiltonian dynamics and statistical mechanics

Geometry and Topology in Hamiltonian Dynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Geometry and Topology in Hamiltonian Dynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Equipartition threshold in nonlinear large Hamiltonian systems: The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam model