Showing papers by "Margaret Bell published in 2016"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the fundamental drivers behind the rise of sensing technology for the management of energy and IAQ in urban built environments, highlights major challenges for their large-scale deployment and identifies the research gaps that should be closed by future investigations.
115 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that awareness of IAQ risks and availability of appropriate regulation are lagging behind the technologies, and real-time sensing could bring a paradigm shift in controlling the concentration of key air pollutants in billions of urban houses worldwide.
110 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Forouzanfar et al. as discussed by the authors provide a review of the new air pollution sensing methods to determine indoor air quality and discuss how real-time sensing could bring a paradigm shift in controlling the concentration of key air pollutants in billions of urban houses worldwide.
Abstract: Household air pollution is ranked the 9th largest Global Burden of Disease risk (Forouzanfar et al., The Lancet 2015). People, particularly urban dwellers, typically spend over 90% of their daily time indoors, where levels of air pollution often surpass those of outdoor environments. Indoor air quality (IAQ) standards and approaches for assessment and control of indoor air require measurements of pollutant concentrations and thermal comfort using conventional instruments. However, the outcomes of such measurements are usually averages over long integrated time periods, which become available after the exposure has already occurred. Moreover, conventional monitoring is generally incapable of addressing temporal and spatial heterogeneity of indoor air pollution, or providing information on peak exposures that occur when specific indoor sources are in operation. This article provides a review of the new air pollution sensing methods to determine IAQ and discusses how real-time sensing could bring a paradigm shift in controlling the concentration of key air pollutants in billions of urban houses worldwide. However, we also show that besides the opportunities, challenges still remain in terms of maturing technologies, or data mining and their interpretation. Moreover, we discuss further research and essential development needed to close gaps between what is available today and needed tomorrow. In particular, we demonstrate that awareness of IAQ risks and availability of appropriate regulation are lagging behind the technologies.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two model frameworks are explored: the Artificial Neural Network approach and the ARIMAX model for air quality forecasting, and the analysis of findings points out that the prediction of extreme concentrations is best performed by integrating the two models into an ensemble, which gives a more realistic representation of the concentration's dependency upon wind characteristics.
63 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a multi-disciplinary, bottom-up approach for estimation and analysis of the carbon emissions, and the organic carbon stored in gardens, using a sample of 575 households across a UK city.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantified the contribution to the environment of the deliveries to a single, large city employer addressing a research gap in the literature and showed that freight delivery traffic generated by an urban establishment with multiple properties in a compact urban setting, is characterised by a high proportion of heavy goods vehicles consistent with recent national and international trends.
Abstract: Heavy Goods Vehicles, HGV, and Light Goods Vehicles, LGV, are a significant contributor to air pollution problems in urban areas. This paper quantifies the contribution to the environment of the deliveries to a single, large city employer addressing a research gap in the literature. Analysis of data from comprehensive surveys carried out over two years demonstrated that freight delivery traffic generated by an urban establishment with multiple properties in a compact urban setting, is characterised by a high proportion of LGV consistent with recent national and international trends. Also, despite freight traffic is only 10% of local traffic, more than 50% serves the single establishment, suggesting a different approach to policy making driven by the employer should be explored. The modelling results showed, relatively, the largest contribution to total emissions comes from HGVs in the AM peak, 13.8%, 43.7%, 9.2% for CO2, NOx and PM respectively. LGV contribute less, with 5.5%, 3.8%, 6% for CO2, NOx and PM respectively but more responsible for local congestion due to their numbers. This research is the first known study of its type and with the unique combination of measurement and traffic microsimulation allowed consideration of more effective traffic management strategies as well as providing evidence to support a consolidation centre for deliveries outside the city with fewer electric or low emissions last mile vehicles reducing substantially the environmental impact. The research outputs are relevant to many other similar cases in UK and Europe. The paper contributes to the ongoing development of research and policy looking to achieve sustainable urban logistics through receiver and purchasing led initiatives.
36 citations
TL;DR: This paper argues that the emergence of new sources of high-resolution data and large data storage capabilities opens up the real possibility for a new generation of UTC systems that are better able to detect the dynamic states of traffic and therefore more effectively prevent the onset of traffic congestion in urban areas worldwide.
9 citations
19 May 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared travel patterns and attitudes of residents from three new infill neighborhoods in England's Tyne and Wear metropolitan area, using results from questionnaire surveys carried out in the summer of 2015.
Abstract: Infill development, which refers to new urban development on land blocks within the built-up area, has been advised and adopted as a policy tool to stop urban sprawl and to promote more sustainable travel patterns. This study compares travel patterns and attitudes of residents from three new infill neighborhoods in England’s Tyne and Wear metropolitan area, using results from questionnaire surveys carried out in the summer of 2015. The results show that residents’ travel behaviors differ in three neighborhoods, which have different levels of job opportunities, public transport services, walkability and other amenities. Their travel patterns have also changed a lot, comparing with before moving to the new neighborhoods. The results support the residential self-selection concept. However, it’s still necessary to build new neighborhoods which can make it easier for people to travel in their preferable ways, especially for the young people who are not so tied to private cars as their parents’ generations.