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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

This work presents an estimation of the global electricity usage that can be ascribed to Communication Technology (CT) between 2010 and 2030. The scope is three scenarios for use and production of consumer devices, communication networks and data centers. Three different scenarios, best, expected, and worst, are set up, which include annual numbers of sold devices, data traffic and electricity intensities/efficiencies. The most significant trend, regardless of scenario, is that the proportion of use-stage electricity by consumer devices will decrease and will be transferred to the networks and data centers. Still, it seems like wireless access networks will not be the main driver for electricity use. The analysis shows that for the worst-case scenario, CT could use as much as 51% of global electricity in 2030. This will happen if not enough improvement in electricity efficiency of wireless access networks and fixed access networks/data centers is possible. However, until 2030, globally-generated renewable electricity is likely to exceed the electricity demand of all networks and data centers. Nevertheless, the present investigation suggests, for the worst-case scenario, that CT electricity usage could contribute up to 23% of the globally released greenhouse gas emissions in 2030.

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On Global Electricity Usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030

Wireless sensor networks for agriculture

Providing ubiquitous connectivity to diverse device types is the key challenge for 5G and beyond 5G (B5G). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to be an important component of the upcoming wireless networks that can potentially facilitate wireless broadcast and support high rate transmissions. Compared to the communications with fixed infrastructure, UAV has salient attributes, such as flexible deployment, strong line-of-sight (LoS) connection links, and additional design degrees of freedom with the controlled mobility. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on UAV communication towards 5G/B5G wireless networks is presented. We first briefly introduce essential background and the space-air-ground integrated networks, as well as discuss related research challenges faced by the emerging integrated network architecture. We then provide an exhaustive review of various 5G techniques based on UAV platforms, which we categorize by different domains including physical layer, network layer, and joint communication, computing and caching. In addition, a great number of open research problems are outlined and identified as possible future research directions.

UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond: Recent Advances and Future Trends

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5782416/file/5782424.pdf

Trends in worldwide ICT electricity consumption from 2007 to 2012

One of the main challenges for the future of information and communication technologies is reduction of the power consumption in telecommunication networks. The key consumers are the home gateways at the customer premises for fixed line access technologies and the base stations for wireless access technologies. However, with increasing bit rates, the share of the core networks could become significant as well. In this article we characterize the power consumption in the different types of networks and discuss strategies to reduce the power consumption.

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Power consumption in telecommunication networks: overview and reduction strategies

In this paper, a power consumption model for both macrocell and microcell base stations is proposed. This model is validated by temporal power measurements on actual base stations, and an excellent agreement is obtained. Furthermore, the power consumption's evolution during the day is investigated by means of these measurements. The energy efficiency of three different wireless technologies is compared namely mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, Long Term Evolution and High Speed Packet Access. With the model proposed, the deployment tool Green Radio Access Network Design is implemented, which allows to design an energy-efficient access network for a predefined area. In general and with the assumptions made, a macrocell base station consumes about 4.4 times more than a microcell base station. However, a microcell base station is less energy efficient than a macrocell base station because of its lower coverage range. Despite this, it is still useful to introduce them in the network as the same coverage can be obtained with a lower total power consumption than with a network where only macrocell base stations are used. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Power consumption model for macrocell and microcell base stations

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2040174/file/2040183.pdf

Modelling and optimization of power consumption in wireless access networks

Nowadays, wireless access networks are a large contributor to the CO 2 emissions of ICT. Today, ICT is responsible for 4 % of the annual energy consumption and this number is expected to grow drastically in the coming years. The power consumption of these wireless access networks will thus become an important issue in the coming years. In this paper, the power consumption of wireless base stations for mobile WiMAX, HSPA and LTE is modelled and compared for a future scenario. For our research, we assume a suburban area and a physical bit rate of 10 Mbps. We compare the wireless technologies for a SISO and three MIMO systems. For each case, we give a ranking of the wireless technologies as a function of their power consumption, range and energy eff ciency. Based on these results, we cover a specif ed area with each technology and determine which technology is the best solution for the specif ed area. We also compare the power consumption of the wireless access networks with the power consumption of the wired access networks.

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Comparison of power consumption of mobile WiMAX, HSPA and LTE access networks

Due to growing importance of wireless access and the steeply growing data volumes being transported, the power consumption of wireless access networks will become an important issue in the coming years. This paper presents a model for this power consumption and investigates three base station types: macrocell, microcell, and femtocell base stations. Based on these models, the coverage effectiveness of the three base station types is compared and the influence of some power reducing techniques such as sleep modes and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is evaluated.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3124438/file/3124447.pdf

Margot Deruyck

Papers

Power consumption in telecommunication networks: overview and reduction strategies

Power consumption model for macrocell and microcell base stations

Modelling and optimization of power consumption in wireless access networks

Comparison of power consumption of mobile WiMAX, HSPA and LTE access networks

Reducing the Power Consumption in Wireless Access Networks: Overview and Recommendations