Marja Appelman

Bio: Marja Appelman is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Energy economics & Applied economics. The author has an hindex of 2, co-authored 2 publications receiving 25 citations.

Equal rules or equal opportunities? Demystifying level playing field

Abstract: Pleas for a level playing field, for instance in international trade, are often not well-founded. This is because it is not exactly clear what a 'level playing field' means. But even if it would be clear what the plea would imply, a level playing field is not always desirable from an economic perspective. To clarify the meaning of 'a level playing field' we introduce two specifications of the concept. First, a rules-based level playing field, which means that all firms in a market are treated the same in equal circumstances with regard to legislation, taxes, subsidies etcetera. Second, an outcome-based level playing field, which means that all firms in a market have the same expected profit. This means that, in case firms are heterogeneous, the government compensates the disadvantaged firms (for instance with subsidies). The first conclusion in the report is that a rules-based level playing field is desirable, although there are reasons to deviate from this assumption. The second conclusion is that it is never desirable to pursue a fully outcome-based level playing field, but that it may be desirable to level the playing field to a certain extent in the case of market failure. In case of market failure it is preferable to use symmetric rules (equal for all firms), in stead of asymmetric rules (favouring some firms). The report introduces a framework with questions that can help policymakers analyse level playing field issues. The framework makes clear that in general one cannot tell whether a plea for a 'level playing field' is justified or not. It is necessary to focus on the policy issues hidden behind the plea, i.e. policy issues concerning market failure, dynamic efficiency, redistribution of income and differences in preferences between countries.

Handbook of Industrial Organization

Abstract: Handbook of industrial organization , Handbook of industrial organization , کتابخانه دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

The market for 'lemons': quality uncertainty and the market mechanism

Abstract: This paper examines the allocation of credit in a market in which borrowers have greater information concerning their own riskiness than do lenders. It illustrates that (1)the allocation of credit is inefficient and at times can be improved by government intervention, and (2) small changes in the exogenous risk-free interest rate can cause large (discontinuous) changes in the allocation of credit and the efficiency of the market equilibrium. These conclusions suggests a role for government as the lender of last resort.

Handbook of income distribution

Abstract: Introduction. Income distribution and Economics (A.B. Atkinson, F. Bourguignon). Social justice and distribution of income (A.K. Sen). Measurement of inequality (F.A. Cowell). Three centuries of inequality in Britain and America (P.H. Lindert). Historical perspectives on income distribution: The case of Europe (C. Morrisson). Empirical evidence on income inequality in industrialized countries (P. Gottschalk, T.M. Smeeding). Income poverty in advanced countries (M. Jantti, S. Danziger). Theories of the distribution of earnings (D. Neal, S. Rosen). Theories of persistent inequality and intergenerational mobility (T. Piketty). Macroeconomics of distribution and growth (G. Bertola). Wealth inequality, wealth constraints and economic performance (P. Bardhan, S. Bowles and H. Gintis). The distribution of wealth (J.B. Davies, A.F. Shorrocks). Redistribution (R. Boadway, M. Keen). Income distribution and development (R. Kanbur). Income distribution, economic systems and transition (J. Flemming, J. Micklewright).

A Textbook of Cultural Economics

Abstract: Now in its second edition, A Textbook of Cultural Economics is an established resource for many courses, including economics of the arts, the cultural and media industries, and the digital creative economy Authored by Ruth Towse, a widely recognised expert in cultural economics, the book offers a comprehensive, up-to-date overview and analysis of the field in the digital era Written in an accessible style, and with suggestions for further reading, it covers a range of topics, from the more traditional arts to the creative industries (such as music, film, games, broadcasting, and publishing), as well as the economics of artists' labour, markets and copyright This second edition considers the creative economy up to the present, emphasising the role of digitisation across the creative industries It will appeal to students taking courses in the economics of art and culture, and can also be used in courses on arts management and cultural policy

A Textbook of Cultural Economics: Conclusion and exercises and problems

Abstract: Now in its second edition, A Textbook of Cultural Economics is an established resource for many courses, including economics of the arts, the cultural and media industries, and the digital creative economy. Authored by Ruth Towse, a widely recognised expert in cultural economics, the book offers a comprehensive, up-to-date overview and analysis of the field in the digital era. Written in an accessible style, and with suggestions for further reading, it covers a range of topics, from the more traditional arts to the creative industries (such as music, film, games, broadcasting, and publishing), as well as the economics of artists' labour, markets and copyright. This second edition considers the creative economy up to the present, emphasising the role of digitisation across the creative industries. It will appeal to students taking courses in the economics of art and culture, and can also be used in courses on arts management and cultural policy.