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Mark Cook

Bio: Mark Cook is an academic researcher from University of Oxford. The author has contributed to research in topics: Gaze & Speech disorder. The author has an hindex of 14, co-authored 18 publications receiving 2709 citations.

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Book
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The role of gaze in human social interaction was investigated experimentally by Argyle and Cook as mentioned in this paper, who set up a research group at Oxford with Ted Crossman and Adam Kendon, to study non-verbal communication and gaze as an important aspect of this behaviour.
Abstract: One of the first psychologists to investigate experimentally the role of gaze in human behaviour was Michael Argyle. In 1963 he set up a research group at Oxford with Ted Crossman and Adam Kendon, to study non-verbal communication in human social interaction, which included gaze as an important aspect of this behaviour. Shortly afterwards, Mark Cook joined this group which was funded until 1975, during which time considerable research on gaze had been carried out both at Oxford and elsewhere. This book summarises much of the work done in this field up until that time.

1,474 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1976

335 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The correlation data, and the data on the relation of one subject's gaze and action patterns to those of the other subject, contain some complex relations that are interpreted as being concerned with the ‘smoothness’ of the encounter.
Abstract: Previous work on gaze direction, in social interaction, is reviewed and suggestions made for further work: (1) study a larger range of gaze and action measures than mutual gaze (eye contact), (2) study subjects' gaze and action patterns over a number of interactions to find how consistent they are, (3) examine the effect of one subject's gaze and action patterns on the gaze and action patterns of the other subject, (4) examine the effect of one subject's gaze and action patterns on the way the other subject perceives him. Sex and personality differences are also studied. An experiment is performed in which 11 subjects interact with each of four other subjects. The subjects have consistent gaze and action patterns, although the person they are interacting with does have some effect. The data on the intercorrelation of the subject's gaze and action patterns show the amount the subject looks, and the length and frequency of his gazes, while speaking and listening, and while meeting the other's gaze, are all related. The correlation data, and the data on the relation of one subject's gaze and action patterns to those of the other subject, contain some complex relations that are interpreted as being concerned with the ‘smoothness’ of the encounter. The data on the perception of gaze patterns show that subjects who look in long gazes are liked more than subjects who look in short frequent gazes. Sex and personality differences are found, but they are not very clear-cut. Suggestions are made for further research to clarify the interrelations of the two subjects' gaze and action patterns.

141 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, subjects had five encounters with trained confederates who each displayed five patterns of gaze with different subjects, in a graeco-latin square design, and subjects rated the confederate on fifteen rating scales; a principle components analysis produced five main components, the first two being liking/evaluation and activity/potency.
Abstract: Subjects had five encounters with trained confederates, who each displayed five patterns of gaze with different subjects, in a graeco-latin square design. The patterns of gaze were: Zero, looking while talking, looking while listening, normal and continuous. Two conditions were used: Subjects were either getting acquainted with the confederates or assessing them while they behaved in an ingratiating manner. Subjects and confederates were either both male or both female. Subjects rated the confederates on fifteen rating scales; a principle components analysis produced five main components, the first two being liking/evaluation and activity/potency. Gaze affected scores on these components as predicted: Ratings of liking/evaluation increased from zero gaze to normal and were lower for continuous — confirming the affiliative balance theory; and the more gaze the higher the ratings on activity/potency. The predicted effects of ingratiation on the interpretation of gaze were not obtained, though ingratiators were seen as less intelligent. Decoders responded to amount of gaze, and not to its relation to talking and listening.

127 citations


Cited by
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a theoretical perspective for dealing with the initial entry stage of interpersonal interaction and suggest a set of research priorities for studying the development of interpersonal relationships, concluding with a discussion of some of the problems to be considered if the theory is to be extended beyond the initial stages of interaction.
Abstract: This paper provides a theoretical perspective for dealing with the initial entry stage of interpersonal interaction. The seven axioms and 21 theorems presented suggest a set of research priorities for studying the development of interpersonal relationships. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the problems to be considered if the theory is to be extended beyond the initial stages of interaction.

2,627 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the assumptions, methods, and findings of such research and suggested that negative relational effects are confined to narrow situational boundary conditions and that communicators develop individuating impressions of others through accumulated CMC messages based upon these impressions, users may develop relationships and express multidimensional relational messages through verbal or textual cues.
Abstract: Several theories and much experimental research on relational tone in computer-mediated communication (CMC) points to the lack of nonverbal cues in this channel as a cause of impersonal and task-oriented messages. Field research in CMC often reports more positive relational behavior. This article examines the assumptions, methods, and findings of such research and suggests that negative relational effects are confined to narrow situational boundary conditions. Alternatively, it is suggested that communicators develop individuating impressions of others through accumulated CMC messages. Based upon these impressions, users may develop relationships and express multidimensional relational messages through verbal or textual cues. Predictions regarding these processes are suggested, and future research incorporating these points is urged.

2,376 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Video technology has been vital in establishing Interaction Analysis, which depends on the technology of audiovisual recording for its primary records and on playback capability for their analysis.
Abstract: (1995). Interaction Analysis: Foundations and Practice. Journal of the Learning Sciences: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 39-103.

2,343 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings indicate that media vary in their capacity to convey information cues and that high performing managers are more sensitive to the relationship between message ambiguity and media richness than low performing managers.
Abstract: A field study of middle- and upper-level managers was undertaken to explain managers' selection of communication media. The findings indicate that media vary in their capacity to convey information cues. Managers prefer rich media for ambiguous communications and less rich media for unequivocal communications. The data suggest that high performing managers are more sensitive to the relationship between message ambiguity and media richness than low performing managers. Implications for managers' use of information systems and electronic media are discussed.

2,297 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that two neglected dimensions for understanding human sex differences are 'empathising' and 'systemising', which can be considered as an extreme of the normal male profile of autism.

1,833 citations