Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants from different geographical regions-a review.

Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used in personal care, veterinary, industrial and household products. TCS is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, as it is only partially removed during the wastewater treatment process. Sorption, biodegradation and photolytic degradation mitigate the availability of TCS to aquatic biota; however the by-products such as methyltriclosan and other chlorinated phenols may be more resistant to degradation and have higher toxicity than the parent compound. The continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS, coupled with its bioaccumulation potential, have led to detectable levels of the antimicrobial in a number of aquatic species. TCS has been also detected in breast milk, urine and plasma, with levels of TCS in the blood correlating with consumer use patterns of the antimicrobial. Mammalian systemic toxicity studies indicate that TCS is neither acutely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nor a developmental toxicant. Recently, however, concern has been raised over TCS's potential for endocrine disruption, as the antimicrobial has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and possibly the reproductive axis. Moreover, there is strong evidence that aquatic species such as algae, invertebrates and certain types of fish are much more sensitive to TCS than mammals. TCS is highly toxic to algae and exerts reproductive and developmental effects in some fish. The potential for endocrine disruption and antibiotic cross-resistance highlights the importance of the judicious use of TCS, whereby the use of TCS should be limited to applications where it has been shown to be effective.

/pdf/triclosan-environmental-exposure-toxicity-and-mechanisms-of-16qpwcmnu6.pdf

Triclosan: environmental exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action

https://www.sewagesludgeactionnetwork.com/files/Food_Grown_in_Sludge_Emerging_Contaminants.pdf

Review of ‘emerging’ organic contaminants in biosolids and assessment of international research priorities for the agricultural use of biosolids

In this paper, we study a supply chain network design problem with environmental concerns. We are interested in the environmental investments decisions in the design phase and propose a multi-objective optimization model that captures the trade-off between the total cost and the environment influence. We conduct a comprehensive set of numerical experiments. The results show that our model can be applied as an effective tool in the strategic planning for green supply chain. Meanwhile, the sensitivity analysis provides some interesting managerial insights for firms.

A multi-objective optimization for green supply chain network design

Sewage sludge disposal strategies for sustainable development

Fate of Triclocarban, Triclosan and Methyltriclosan during wastewater and biosolids treatment processes.

Fate of triclosan in agricultural soils after biosolid applications

This study examines polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) levels, trends in biosolids from a wastewater treatment plant, and evaluates potential factors governing PBDE concentrations and the fate in agricultural soils fertilized by biosolids. The mean concentration of the most abundant PBDE congeners in biosolids ( summation operatorBDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-209) generated by one wastewater treatment plant was 1250 +/- 134 microg/kg d.w. with no significant change in concentration over 32 months (n = 15). In surface soil samples from the Mid-Atlantic region, average PBDE concentrations in soil from fields receiving no biosolids (5.01 +/- 3.01 microg/kg d.w.) were 3 times lower than fields receiving one application (15.2 +/- 10.2 microg/kg d.w.) and 10 times lower than fields that had received multiple applications (53.0 +/- 41.7 microg/kg d.w.). The cumulative biosolids application rate and soil organic carbon were correlated with concentrations and persistence of PBDEs in soil. A model to predict PBDE concentrations in soil after single or multiple biosolids applications provides estimates which fall within a factor of 2 of observed values.

Persistence of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Agricultural Soils after Biosolids Applications

Fate of Triclosan and Methyltriclosan in soil from biosolids application.

https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10489/Bevacqua_umd_0117N_11358.pdf;sequence=1

Mark Ramirez

Papers

Fate of Triclocarban, Triclosan and Methyltriclosan during wastewater and biosolids treatment processes.

Fate of triclosan in agricultural soils after biosolid applications

Persistence of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Agricultural Soils after Biosolids Applications

Fate of Triclosan and Methyltriclosan in soil from biosolids application.

Steroid hormones in biosolids and poultry litter: A comparison of potential environmental inputs