자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.

经验与教育 = Experience and education

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

From the Publisher:
Much discussion of new technologies and social equality has focused on the oversimplified notion of a "digital divide." Technology and Social Inclusion moves beyond the limited view of haves and have-nots to analyze the different forms of access to information and communication technologies. Drawing on theory from political science, economics, sociology, psychology, communications, education, and linguistics, the book examines the ways in which differing access to technology contributes to social and economic stratification or inclusion. The book takes a global perspective, presenting case studies from developed and developing countries, including Brazil, China, Egypt, India, and the United States.
A central premise is that, in today's society, the ability to access, adapt, and create knowledge using information and communication technologies is critical to social inclusion. This focus on social inclusion shifts the discussion of the "digital divide" from gaps to be overcome by providing equipment to social development challenges to be addressed through the effective integration of technology into communities, institutions, and societies. What is most important is not so much the physical availability of computers and the Internet but rather people's ability to make use of those technologies to engage in meaningful social practices.

Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide

Recent years have shown an explosion of interest in using computers for language teaching and learning. A decade ago, the use of computers in the language classroom was of concern only to a small number of specialists. However, with the advent of multimedia computing and the Internet, the role of computers in language instruction has now become an important issue confronting large numbers of language teachers throughout the world.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0261444800012970

Computers and language learning: an overview

Recently interest has grown concerning the uses of online communication for language teaching Yet this growing interest in computer-mediated collaborative language learning has not been matched by sufficient research and theory This article introduces a conceptual framework for understanding the role of computer-mediated interaction based on a sociocultural analysis of the relationship among text, talk, and learning The article then analyzes current research according to five features particular to online interaction

/pdf/computer-mediated-collaborative-learning-theory-and-practice-3r2s6gatzc.pdf

Computer-Mediated Collaborative Learning: Theory and Practice.

One of the supposed benefits of computer-mediated communication is that it can result in more equal participation among students. This study tested that claim by comparing equality of student participation in two modes: face-to-face discussion and electronic discussion. In a counter-balanced, repeated measures study, small groups of ESL students conducted discussion face-to-face and electronically. Amount of participation was calculated per person for each mode and was correlated to factors such as nationality, language ability, time in the U.S., and student attitude. In addition, a global measure of equality of participation was calculated and compared across the two modes. The findings showed a tendency toward more equal participation in computer mode and revealed some factors which correlated with increased student participation in that mode.

Comparing Face-To-Face and Electronic Discussion in the Second Language Classroom

1 Introduction: Theory and Practice of Network-Based Language Teaching 2 Curriculum Innovation in TEFL: Technologies Supporting Socio-collaborative Language Learning in Bulgaria 3 Online Learning in Second Language Classrooms: An Ethnographic Study 4 Negotiation in Cyberspace: The Role of Chatting in the Development of Grammatical Competence 5 Writing into Change: Style-Shifting in Asynchronous Electronic Discourse 6 Computers and Collaborative Writing in the Foreign Language Curriculum 7 Networked Multimedia Environments for Second Language Acquisition 8 An Electronic Literacy Approach to Network-Based Language Teaching 9 Task-Based Language Learning via Audio-Visual Networks: The LEVERAGE Project 10 Is Network-based Learning CALL?

Mark Warschauer

Papers

Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide

Computers and language learning: an overview

Computer-Mediated Collaborative Learning: Theory and Practice.

Comparing Face-To-Face and Electronic Discussion in the Second Language Classroom

Network-Based Language Teaching: Concepts and Practice