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marshall sashkin

Bio: marshall sashkin is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Strategic human resource planning & Trend analysis. The author has an hindex of 6, co-authored 17 publications receiving 422 citations.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors integrate behaviorism with cognitive theory, explaining how people learn to behave, and propose three additional processes: vicarious learning, symbolic functioning, and self-regulatory processes.
Abstract: This is an important book. Unfortunately, it is not very readable. Except for the jargonistic academic style, the presentation would be lively and often exciting. The author is one of the best known and most respected social psychologists in the United States; the book is an integration of his most recent research and thought. Bandura’s aim is to integrate behaviorism with cognitive theory, explaining how people learn to behave. He rejects the &dquo;pure&dquo; Skinnerian view (sometimes called &dquo;radical behaviorism&dquo;), noting that &dquo;theorists who exclude the capacity for self-direction from their view of human potentialities restrict their research to external sources of influence.&dquo; Behaviorists will, of course, reject Bandura’s approach and argue that a purely behavioristic (noncognitive process) model does not necessarily assume that individuals learn only by overt behavioral experience of rewards and punishments. Bandura goes beyond direct experience by specifying three additional processes: vicarious learning (by observing); symbolic functioning (learning through conceptualization) ; and self-regulatory processes (learning through self-direction, for example, rewarding oneself for certain behavior). Bandura deals with &dquo;antecedent determinants&dquo; of behavior, that is, environmental stimuli that &dquo;indicate which outcomes particular actions are likely to produce.&dquo; In other words, expectations are created,

309 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Since it was written primarily for those conducting evaluation of educational programs and innovations, managers will need to translate and adapt the handbook foother more general and specific organizational evaluations.
Abstract: provides a nice conceptual comparison of the generic types with an adequate reference list. While managers at all levels can benefit by referring to this handbook for appraising submitted proposals and completed reports, those responsible for training programs and organizational development will most directly find this book valuable. Since it was written primarily for those conducting evaluation of educational programs and innovations, managers will need to translate and adapt the handbook foother more general and specific organizational evaluations. Frequent recourse to this handbook by evaluators and managers cannot but help to improve anyone’s evaluation efforts.

63 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, only two papers are addressed directly to clients, accounting for less than twenty pages of this book, and they are extremely good and include many &dquo;classics.
Abstract: as only two papers are addressed directly to clients, accounting for less than twenty pages of this book. Not that the papers are not good-in general, they are extremely good and include many &dquo;classics&dquo; such as Rogers’ &dquo;Characteristics of a Helping Relationship,&dquo; Gibb’s &dquo;Is Help Helpful?&dquo; and Glidewell’s &dquo;The Entry Problem in Consultation.&dquo; The articles chosen are generally nontechnical and usually not too jargonistic ; most make sense, which is the crucial test for a book of what is intended to be basic commonsensical information.

16 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that workers acceptance of or alienation from middle-class work norms may determine whether or not autonomous groups are both productive and satisfying to their members, and that individual differences may affect autonomous group functioning.
Abstract: Additional research suggesting that individual differences may affect autonomous group functioning was reviewed. In particular, it was found that workers’ acceptance of or alienation from middle-class work norms (or values) may determine whether or not autonomous groups are both productive and satisfying to their members. Data were collected from fifty-six blue-collar workers who had been working in autonomous groups (of about six persons) for approximately nine months. All workers were union members who had volunteered to participate in a union-management job-redesign experiment in an industrial

11 citations


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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This article posits a revised explanatory model which incorporates self-efficacy into the Health Belief Model, and predicts that the new formulation will more fully account for health-related behavior than did earlier formulations, and will suggest more effective behavioral interventions than have hitherto been available to health educators.
Abstract: The Health Belief Model, social learning theory (recently relabelled social cognitive theory), self-efficacy, and locus of control have all been applied with varying success to problems of explaining, predicting, and influencing behavior. Yet, there is conceptual confusion among researchers and practitioners about the interrelationships of these theories and variables. This article attempts to show how these explanatory factors may be related, and in so doing, posits a revised explanatory model which incorporates self-efficacy into the Health Belief Model. Specifically, self-efficacy is proposed as a separate independent variable along with the traditional health belief variables of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers. Incentive to behave (health motivation) is also a component of the model. Locus of control is not included explicitly because it is believed to be incorporated within other elements of the model. It is predicted that the new formulation will more fully account for health-related behavior than did earlier formulations, and will suggest more effective behavioral interventions than have hitherto been available to health educators.

4,772 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In an exploratory study, the ability of tolerance for risk, perceived feasibility, and perceived net desirability to predict intentions for self-employment was examined in a sample of 114 undergraduate business students at Florida Gulf Coast University.
Abstract: Purpose – Since the 1950s, organizational psychology research investigating work‐related motivation has progressed from static content models to dynamic process models. Entrepreneurship research has evolved along a similar trajectory, adapting organizational psychology findings to better understand the motivation to become an entrepreneur. This paper reviews motivation research from both fields, explores some of the commonalities among current theories, and presents a new model of entrepreneurial motivation.Design/methodology/approach – In an exploratory study, the ability of tolerance for risk, perceived feasibility, and perceived net desirability to predict intentions for self‐employment is examined in a sample of 114 undergraduate business students at Florida Gulf Coast University.Findings – Results indicated that tolerance for risk, perceived feasibility and net desirability significantly predicted self‐employment intentions, with an adjusted R2 of 0.528.Research limitations/implications – Because the...

934 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the research has still to be done that securely links expectancy manipulations with subsequent changes in consumption, and fulfils the early promise from association studies.
Abstract: Research is reviewed on the association between alcohol outcome expectancies and consumption which has led many to argue that manipulating expectancies might be a route to manipulating consumption for problem prevention and treatment. Studies indirectly and directly evaluating this latter position are reviewed. Expectancies predicting treatment outcome: two studies have shown that the more positive expectancies held at treatment, the poorer is treatment outcome, but five other studies have failed to find this. Three related studies have shown that the more negative expectancies held at treatment, the better the treatment outcome. This evaluation provides evidence inconsistent with the main position for positive expectancy and limited support for negative. Expectancy manipulations and ad libitum consumption: three studies in the laboratory have shown that increasing positive expectancies through word priming increases subsequent consumption and two studies have shown that increasing negative expectancies decreases it. A single study in the field showed a similar relationship. This evaluation provides evidence consistent with the main position but is limited by measuring consumption changes over only 1-2 hours. Prevention programmes with expectancy components: seven projects are reviewed in which positive expectancies were targeted, but only two report an expectancy change analysis and in both cases the expectancy change did not relate to subsequent consumption. This evaluation provides evidence inconsistent with the main position. Expectancy challenge: two related studies are reviewed in which positive expectancy challenges reduce subsequent consumption but changes in expectancy were not evaluated as predictors of consumption change. Two studies are reviewed which found a reduction in positive expectancy following expectancy challenge but no reduction in consumption. One study is reviewed in which when negative expectancy was increased in treatment there was a better treatment outcome at 3 months follow-up than when it was not. This evaluation provides evidence inconsistent with the main position for positive expectancy and limited consistent evidence for negative. It is concluded that the research has still to be done that securely links expectancy manipulations with subsequent changes in consumption, and fulfils the early promise from association studies.

797 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretically-driven model of self-managing work team effectiveness is defined as both high performance and employee quality of work life, which is tested with structural equations modeling.
Abstract: This paper tests a theoretically-driven model of self-managing work team effectiveness. Self-managing work team effectiveness is defined as both high performance and employee quality of work life. Drawing on different theoretical perspectives including work design, self-leadership, sociotechnical, and participative management, four categories of variables are theorized to predict self-managing work team effectiveness: group task design, encouraging supervisor behaviors, group characteristics, and employee involvement context. Data is collected from both a set of self-managing and traditionally managed teams from a large telephone company, and the model is tested with structural equations modeling. Support is found for hypotheses concerning group task design, group characteristics, and employee involvement context, but not encouraging supervisory behaviors.

544 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is developed which identifies and describes various factors which affect ethical and unethical behavior in organizations, including a decision-maker's social, government and legal, work, professional and personal environments.
Abstract: A model is developed which identifies and describes various factors which affect ethical and unethical behavior in organizations, including a decision-maker's social, government and legal, work, professional and personal environments. The effect of individual decision maker attributes on the decision process is also discussed. The model links these influences with ethical and unethical behavior via the mediating structure of the individual's decision-making process.

534 citations