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Martin J. L. Turner

Bio: Martin J. L. Turner is an academic researcher from University of Leicester. The author has contributed to research in topics: Quasar & Luminosity. The author has an hindex of 43, co-authored 147 publications receiving 17764 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
20 Aug 2004
TL;DR: The Swift mission as discussed by the authors is a multi-wavelength observatory for gamma-ray burst (GRB) astronomy, which is a first-of-its-kind autonomous rapid-slewing satellite for transient astronomy and pioneers the way for future rapid-reaction and multiwavelength missions.
Abstract: The Swift mission, scheduled for launch in 2004, is a multiwavelength observatory for gamma-ray burst (GRB) astronomy. It is a first-of-its-kind autonomous rapid-slewing satellite for transient astronomy and pioneers the way for future rapid-reaction and multiwavelength missions. It will be far more powerful than any previous GRB mission, observing more than 100 bursts yr � 1 and performing detailed X-ray and UV/optical afterglow observations spanning timescales from 1 minute to several days after the burst. The objectives are to (1) determine the origin of GRBs, (2) classify GRBs and search for new types, (3) study the interaction of the ultrarelativistic outflows of GRBs with their surrounding medium, and (4) use GRBs to study the early universe out to z >10. The mission is being developed by a NASA-led international collaboration. It will carry three instruments: a newgeneration wide-field gamma-ray (15‐150 keV) detector that will detect bursts, calculate 1 0 ‐4 0 positions, and trigger autonomous spacecraft slews; a narrow-field X-ray telescope that will give 5 00 positions and perform spectroscopy in the 0.2‐10 keV band; and a narrow-field UV/optical telescope that will operate in the 170‐ 600 nm band and provide 0B3 positions and optical finding charts. Redshift determinations will be made for most bursts. In addition to the primary GRB science, the mission will perform a hard X-ray survey to a sensitivity of � 1m crab (� 2;10 � 11 ergs cm � 2 s � 1 in the 15‐150 keV band), more than an order of magnitude better than HEAO 1 A-4. A flexible data and operations system will allow rapid follow-up observations of all types of

3,753 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) consortium has provided the focal plane instruments for the three X-ray mirror systems on XMM-Newton, including two cameras with a reflecting grating spectrometer in the optical path equipped with MOS type CCDs as focal plane detectors.
Abstract: The European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) consortium has provided the focal plane instruments for the three X-ray mirror systems on XMM-Newton. Two cameras with a reflecting grating spectrometer in the optical path are equipped with MOS type CCDs as focal plane detectors (Turner 2001), the telescope with the full photon flux operates the novel pn-CCD as an imaging X-ray spectrometer. The pn-CCD camera system was developed under the leadership of the Max-Planck-Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching. The concept of the pn-CCD is described as well as the dierent operational modes of the camera system. The electrical, mechanical and thermal design of the focal plane and camera is briefly treated. The in-orbit performance is described in terms of energy resolution, quantum eciency, time resolution, long term stability and charged particle background. Special emphasis is given to the radiation hardening of the devices and the measured and expected degradation due to radiation damage of ionizing particles in the rst 9 months of in orbit operation.

2,933 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The EPIC focal plane imaging spectrometers on XMM-Newton use CCDs to record the images and spectra of celestial X-ray sources focused by the three Xray mirrors as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The EPIC focal plane imaging spectrometers on XMM-Newton use CCDs to record the images and spectra of celestial X-ray sources focused by the three X-ray mirrors. There is one camera at the focus of each mirror; two of the cameras contain seven MOS CCDs, while the third uses twelve PN CCDs, dening a circular eld of view of 30 0 diameter in each case. The CCDs were specially developed for EPIC, and combine high quality imaging with spectral resolution close to the Fano limit. A lter wheel carrying three kinds of X-ray transparent light blocking lter, a fully closed, and a fully open position, is tted to each EPIC instrument. The CCDs are cooled passively and are under full closed loop thermal control. A radio-active source is tted for internal calibration. Data are processed on-board to save telemetry by removing cosmic ray tracks, and generating X-ray event les; a variety of dierent instrument modes are available to increase the dynamic range of the instrument and to enable fast timing. The instruments were calibrated using laboratory X-ray beams, and synchrotron generated monochromatic X-ray beams before launch; in-orbit calibration makes use of a variety of celestial X-ray targets. The current calibration is better than 10% over the entire energy range of 0.2 to 10 keV. All three instruments survived launch and are performing nominally in orbit. In particular full eld-of-view coverage is available, all electronic modes work, and the energy resolution is close to pre-launch values. Radiation damage is well within pre-launch predictions and does not yet impact on the energy resolution. The scientic results from EPIC amply full pre-launch expectations.

2,149 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The EPIC focal plane imaging spectrometers on XMM-Newton use CCDs to record the images and spectra of celestial X-ray sources focused by the three Xray mirrors as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The EPIC focal plane imaging spectrometers on XMM-Newton use CCDs to record the images and spectra of celestial X-ray sources focused by the three X-ray mirrors. There is one camera at the focus of each mirror; two of the cameras contain seven MOS CCDs, while the third uses twelve PN CCDs, defining a circular field of view of 30 arcmin diameter in each case. The CCDs were specially developed for EPIC, and combine high quality imaging with spectral resolution close to the Fano limit. A filter wheel carrying three kinds of X-ray transparent light blocking filter, a fully closed, and a fully open position, is fitted to each EPIC instrument. The CCDs are cooled passively and are under full closed loop thermal control. A radio-active source is fitted for internal calibration. Data are processed on-board to save telemetry by removing cosmic ray tracks, and generating X-ray event files; a variety of different instrument modes are available to increase the dynamic range of the instrument and to enable fast timing. The instruments were calibrated using laboratory X-ray beams, and synchrotron generated monochromatic X-ray beams before launch; in-orbit calibration makes use of a variety of celestial X-ray targets. The current calibration is better than 10% over the entire energy range of 0.2 to 10 keV. All three instruments survived launch and are performing nominally in orbit. In particular full field-of-view coverage is available, all electronic modes work, and the energy resolution is close to pre-launch values. Radiation damage is well within pre-launch predictions and does not yet impact on the energy resolution. The scientific results from EPIC amply fulfil pre-launch expectations.

2,089 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Kazuhisa Mitsuda, Mark W. Bautz1, Hajime Inoue, Richard L. Kelley2, Katsuji Koyama3, Hideyo Kunieda4, Kazuo Makishima5, Yoshiaki Ogawara, Robert Petre2, Tadayuk Takahashi, Hiroshi Tsunemi6, Nicholas E. White2, Naohisa Anabuki6, Lorella Angelini2, Keith A. Arnaud2, Hisamitsu Awaki7, Aya Bamba, Kevin R. Boyce2, Gregory V. Brown2, Kai Wing Chan2, Jean Cottam2, Tadayasu Dotani, John P. Doty, Ken Ebisawa, Yuichiro Ezoe, Andrew C. Fabian8, Enectali Figueroa2, Ryuichi Fujimoto, Yasushi Fukazawa9, Tae Furusho, Akihiro Furuzawa4, Keith C. Gendreau2, Richard E. Griffiths10, Yoshito Haba4, Kenji Hamaguchi2, Ilana M. Harrus2, Günther Hasinger11, Isamu Hatsukade12, Kiyoshi Hayashida4, Patrick Henry, Junko S. Hiraga, Stephen S. Holt13, Ann Hornschemeier2, John P. Hughes14, Una Hwang2, Manabu Ishida15, Yoshitaka Ishisaki15, Naoki Isobe, Masayuki Itoh16, Naoko Iyomoto2, Steven M. Kahn17, Tuneyoshi Kamae17, Hideaki Katagiri9, Jun Kataoka18, Haruyoshi Katayama, Nobuyuki Kawai18, Caroline Kllbourne2, Kenzo Kinugasa, Steve Klssel1, Shunji Kitamoto19, Mitsuhiro Kohama, Takayoshi Kohmura20, Motohide Kokubun5, Taro Kotani18, J. Kotoku18, Aya Kubota5, Greg Madejski17, Yoshitomo Maeda, Fumiyoshi Makino, Alex Markowitz2, Chiho Matsumoto4, Hironori Matsumoto3, Masaru Matsuoka, Kyoko Matsushita21, Dan McCammon22, Tatehiko Mihara, Kazutami Misakl11, Emi Miyata6, Tsunefumi Mizuno9, Koji Mori12, Hideyuki Mori3, Mikio Morii, Harvey Moseley2, Koji Mukai2, Hiroshi Murakami, Toshio Murakami23, Richard Mushotzky2, Fumiaki Nagase, M. Namiki6, Hitoshi Negoro24, Kazuhiro Nakazawa, John A. Nousek25, Takashi Okajima2, Yasushi Ogasaka4, Takaya Ohashi15, T. Oshima15, Naomi Ota, Masanobu Ozaki, H. Ozawa6, Arvind Parmar26, W. D. Pence2, F. Scott Porter2, James Reeves2, George R. Ricker1, Ikuya Sakurai4, Wilton T. Sanders, Atsushi Senda, Peter J. Serlemitsos2, Ryo Shibata4, Yang Soong2, Randall K. Smith2, Motoko Suzuki, Andrew Szymkowiak27, Hiromitsu Takahashi9, Toru Tamagawa, Keisuke Tamura4, Takayuki Tamura, Yasuo Tanaka11, Makoto Tashiro28, Yuzuru Tawara4, Yukikatsu Terada, Yuichi Terashima, Hiroshi Tomida, Ken'ichi Torii6, Yohko Tsuboi29, Masahiro Tsujimoto19, Takeshi Go Tsuru3, Martin J. L. Turner30, Yoshihiro Ueda3, Shiro Ueno, M. Ueno18, Shin'ichiro Uno31, Yuji Urata28, Shin Watanabe, Norimasa Yamamoto4, Kazutaka Yamaoka32, Noriko Y. Yamasaki, Koujun Yamashita4, Makoto Yamauchi12, Shigeo Yamauchi33, Tahir Yaqoob2, Daisuke Yonetoku23, Atsumasa Yoshida32 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the spacecraft, in-orbit performance, operations, and data processing that are related to observations of the Suzaku X-ray observatory, including high-sensitivity wide-band Xray spectroscopy.
Abstract: High-sensitivity wide-band X-ray spectroscopy is the key feature of the Suzaku X-ray observatory, launched on 2005 July 10. This paper summarizes the spacecraft, in-orbit performance, operations, and data processing that are related to observations. The scientific instruments, the high-throughput X-ray telescopes, X-ray CCD cameras, non-imaging hard X-ray detector are also described.

908 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
20 Aug 2004
TL;DR: The Swift mission as discussed by the authors is a multi-wavelength observatory for gamma-ray burst (GRB) astronomy, which is a first-of-its-kind autonomous rapid-slewing satellite for transient astronomy and pioneers the way for future rapid-reaction and multiwavelength missions.
Abstract: The Swift mission, scheduled for launch in 2004, is a multiwavelength observatory for gamma-ray burst (GRB) astronomy. It is a first-of-its-kind autonomous rapid-slewing satellite for transient astronomy and pioneers the way for future rapid-reaction and multiwavelength missions. It will be far more powerful than any previous GRB mission, observing more than 100 bursts yr � 1 and performing detailed X-ray and UV/optical afterglow observations spanning timescales from 1 minute to several days after the burst. The objectives are to (1) determine the origin of GRBs, (2) classify GRBs and search for new types, (3) study the interaction of the ultrarelativistic outflows of GRBs with their surrounding medium, and (4) use GRBs to study the early universe out to z >10. The mission is being developed by a NASA-led international collaboration. It will carry three instruments: a newgeneration wide-field gamma-ray (15‐150 keV) detector that will detect bursts, calculate 1 0 ‐4 0 positions, and trigger autonomous spacecraft slews; a narrow-field X-ray telescope that will give 5 00 positions and perform spectroscopy in the 0.2‐10 keV band; and a narrow-field UV/optical telescope that will operate in the 170‐ 600 nm band and provide 0B3 positions and optical finding charts. Redshift determinations will be made for most bursts. In addition to the primary GRB science, the mission will perform a hard X-ray survey to a sensitivity of � 1m crab (� 2;10 � 11 ergs cm � 2 s � 1 in the 15‐150 keV band), more than an order of magnitude better than HEAO 1 A-4. A flexible data and operations system will allow rapid follow-up observations of all types of

3,753 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
10 Feb 2005-Nature
TL;DR: Simulations that simultaneously follow star formation and the growth of black holes during galaxy–galaxy collisions find that, in addition to generating a burst of star formation, a merger leads to strong inflows that feed gas to the supermassive black hole and thereby power the quasar.
Abstract: In the early Universe, while galaxies were still forming, black holes as massive as a billion solar masses powered quasars. Supermassive black holes are found at the centres of most galaxies today, where their masses are related to the velocity dispersions of stars in their host galaxies and hence to the mass of the central bulge of the galaxy. This suggests a link between the growth of the black holes and their host galaxies, which has indeed been assumed for a number of years. But the origin of the observed relation between black hole mass and stellar velocity dispersion, and its connection with the evolution of galaxies, have remained unclear. Here we report simulations that simultaneously follow star formation and the growth of black holes during galaxy-galaxy collisions. We find that, in addition to generating a burst of star formation, a merger leads to strong inflows that feed gas to the supermassive black hole and thereby power the quasar. The energy released by the quasar expels enough gas to quench both star formation and further black hole growth. This determines the lifetime of the quasar phase (approaching 100 million years) and explains the relationship between the black hole mass and the stellar velocity dispersion.

3,330 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) consortium has provided the focal plane instruments for the three X-ray mirror systems on XMM-Newton, including two cameras with a reflecting grating spectrometer in the optical path equipped with MOS type CCDs as focal plane detectors.
Abstract: The European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) consortium has provided the focal plane instruments for the three X-ray mirror systems on XMM-Newton. Two cameras with a reflecting grating spectrometer in the optical path are equipped with MOS type CCDs as focal plane detectors (Turner 2001), the telescope with the full photon flux operates the novel pn-CCD as an imaging X-ray spectrometer. The pn-CCD camera system was developed under the leadership of the Max-Planck-Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching. The concept of the pn-CCD is described as well as the dierent operational modes of the camera system. The electrical, mechanical and thermal design of the focal plane and camera is briefly treated. The in-orbit performance is described in terms of energy resolution, quantum eciency, time resolution, long term stability and charged particle background. Special emphasis is given to the radiation hardening of the devices and the measured and expected degradation due to radiation damage of ionizing particles in the rst 9 months of in orbit operation.

2,933 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the radiative or quasar mode of feedback can account for the observed proportionality between the central black hole and the host galaxy mass, which can lead to ejection or heating of the gas.
Abstract: Radiation, winds, and jets from the active nucleus of a massive galaxy can interact with its interstellar medium, and this can lead to ejection or heating of the gas. This terminates star formation in the galaxy and stifles accretion onto the black hole. Such active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback can account for the observed proportionality between the central black hole and the host galaxy mass. Direct observational evidence for the radiative or quasar mode of feedback, which occurs when AGN are very luminous, has been difficult to obtain but is accumulating from a few exceptional objects. Feedback from the kinetic or radio mode, which uses the mechanical energy of radio-emitting jets often seen when AGN are operating at a lower level, is common in massive elliptical galaxies. This mode is well observed directly through X-ray observations of the central galaxies of cool core clusters in the form of bubbles in the hot surrounding medium. The energy flow, which is roughly continuous, heats the hot intraclu...

2,299 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: The Swift Gamma-Ray Explorer (XRT) as mentioned in this paper uses a mirror set built for JET-X and an XMM-Newton/EPIC MOS CCD detector to provide a sensitive broad-band (0.2-10 keV) X-ray imager with effective area of > 120 cm2 at 1.5 keV, field of view of 23.6 × 23. 6 arcminutes, and angular resolution of 18 arcseconds.
Abstract: he Swift Gamma-Ray Explorer is designed to make prompt multiwavelength observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and GRB afterglows. The X-ray telescope (XRT) enables Swift to determine GRB positions with a few arcseconds accuracy within 100 s of the burst onset. The XRT utilizes a mirror set built for JET-X and an XMM-Newton/EPIC MOS CCD detector to provide a sensitive broad-band (0.2–10 keV) X-ray imager with effective area of > 120 cm2 at 1.5 keV, field of view of 23.6 × 23.6 arcminutes, and angular resolution of 18 arcseconds (HPD). The detection sensitivity is 2×10−14 erg cm−2 s−1 in 104 s. The instrument is designed to provide automated source detection and position reporting within 5 s of target acquisition. It can also measure the redshifts of GRBs with Fe line emission or other spectral features. The XRT operates in an auto-exposure mode, adjusting the CCD readout mode automatically to optimize the science return for each frame as the source intensity fades. The XRT will measure spectra and lightcurves of the GRB afterglow beginning about a minute after the burst and will follow each burst for days or weeks.

2,253 citations