Mary F. Paul

Bio: Mary F. Paul is an academic researcher from Norwich University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Nitrofurantoin & Excretion. The author has an hindex of 9, co-authored 16 publications receiving 369 citations.

Carbohydrate metabolism studies on the testis of rats fed certain nitrofurans.

Abstract: Structural doses of one of the nitrofurans (Furadroxyl) have been described (Prior and Ferguson, 1950, Nelson, 1953). Similarities were pointed out between the testicular changes seen after nitrofuran administration and those noted in experimental cryptorchidism or after irradiation. Tepperman, Tepperman and Dick (1949) have studied the glucose metabolism in vitro of the normal and cryptorchid testis. Lethal doses of X-ray were found to inhibit citrate accumulation in the testis of fluoracetate-treated rats (DuBois, Cochran and Doull, 1951). The sensitivity of the mammalian testis to ionizing radiations has been described by Eschenbrenner and Miller (1950). Pituitary stimulation, as measured by adrenal ascorbic acid lowering in the intact rat, was noted after nitrofuran administration (Paul et al., 1951). However, other unrelated compounds (e.g. acetyl salicylic acid) produced similar adrenal ascorbic acid lowering without testicular changes. These studies and those by Friedgood (1951) on hypophysectomize...

Studies on the absorption, distribution and elimination of nitrofurantoin in the rat

Abstract: The studies reported indicate that nitrofurantoin is rapidly absorbed in the rat. It has been shown that the small intestine is the chief site of absorption. Experiments in which rats have been subjected to various surgical procedures confirm that urinary excretion of nitrofurantoin is the primary route of disposal and suggest that the remainder of the drug is rapidly catabolized by body tissues.

Vitamin A Deficiency: Health, Survival, and Vision

Abstract: This book on vitamin A deficiency not only addresses ocular manifestations but also the broader context of child health and survival. The introduction examines the historical and modern perspectives of vitamin deficiency what vitamin A is and the relationship of xerophthalmia (severe vitamin A deficiency) to vitamin A status. The second section of the book discusses consequences of vitamin A deficiency. Chapter 2 looks at mortality associated with moderate to severe deficiency and the fact that vitamin A supplementation reduces preschool-age mortality and measles mortality. Chapter 3 covers infectious morbidity particularly diarrhea measles respiratory disease urinary tract infection otitis and other infections (e.g. HIV). Chapter 4 examines ocular manifestations (xerophthalmia keratomalacia night blindness and conjunctiva). The effect of vitamin A on anemia and iron metabolism and the extent of vitamin A deficiency-associated anemia are discussed in chapter 5. Chapter 6 examines vitamin As role in growth in animals and children. The third section of the book is dedicated to mechanisms of vitamin A. Chapter 7 looks at contributory and precipitating events (i.e. systemic infections and protein energy malnutrition). Chapter 8 addresses the biochemistry of vitamin A and carotenoids. Chapter 9 examines the relationship between immunocompetence and vitamin A status particularly lymphoid organs and hematopoiesis cell-mediated immunity humoral immunity effect of vitamin A administration on immune response and identification of and requirements for immunoregulatory retinoids. The fourth section chapter 10 is dedicated to treatment of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia. The last section covers assessment and prevention. Chapters 11 and 12 discuss assessment of vitamin A status and epidemiology of deficiency respectively. The last three chapters examine prevention interventions: dietary interventions supplementation and fortification of dietary items with vitamin A.

Population-Based Mechanistic Prediction of Oral Drug Absorption

Abstract: The bioavailability of drugs from oral formulations is influenced by many physiological factors including gastrointestinal fluid composition, pH and dynamics, transit and motility, and metabolism and transport, each of which may vary with age, gender, race, food, and disease. Therefore, oral bioavailability, particularly of poorly soluble and/or poorly permeable compounds and those that are extensively metabolized, often exhibits a high degree of inter- and intra-individual variability. While several models and algorithms have been developed to predict bioavailability in an average person, efforts to accommodate intrinsic variability in the component processes are less common. An approach that incorporates such variability for human populations within a mechanistic framework is described together with examples of its application to drug and formulation development.

Chemical Radioprotection and Radiosensitization of Mammalian Cells Growing in Vitro

Abstract: The radiosensitizing and radioprotective effects of various compounds have been characterized in Chinese hamster fibroblasts growing in vitro and in a model chemical system utilizing DNA as target. The contribution to the lethal action of ionizing radiation in mammalian cells from the indirect effect of OH has been measured. The data are consistent with the “oxygen fixation hypothesis,” whereby target free radicals react either with radical-reducing species, resulting in “chemical repair,” or with radical-oxidizing species, resulting in “fixation” of radical damage to a potentially lethal form. Radical repair–fixation competition has been demonstrated in the in vitro chemical system with a sensitizer other than O2. Dimethyl sulfoxide is shown to radioprotect in both the cellular and chemical systems by scavenging OH. Cysteamine, on the other hand, is shown to protect primarily by adding to the pool of radical-reducing species, resulting in enhanced repair of free-radical damage in the targets. Electron-af...