Arsenic round the world: a review.

Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease

This review covers the toxicology of mercury and its compounds. Special attention is paid to those forms of mercury of current public health concern. Human exposure to the vapor of metallic mercury dates back to antiquity but continues today in occupational settings and from dental amalgam. Health risks from methylmercury in edible tissues of fish have been the subject of several large epidemiological investigations and continue to be the subject of intense debate. Ethylmercury in the form of a preservative, thimerosal, added to certain vaccines, is the most recent form of mercury that has become a public health concern. The review leads to general discussion of evolutionary aspects of mercury, protective and toxic mechanisms, and ends on a note that mercury is still an "element of mystery."

The Toxicology of Mercury and Its Chemical Compounds

Essentiality Toxicity Carcinogenicity Lead(Pb) Exposure Toxicokinetics Toxicity Neurologic, Neurobehavioral, and Developmental Effects in Children Mechanisms of Effects on the Developing Nervous System Peripheral Neuropathy Hematologic Effects Renal Toxicity Lead and Gout Effects on Cardiovascular System Immunotoxicity Bone Effects Reproductive Effects Birth Outcomes Carcinogenicity Other Effects Dose Response Treatment Organic Lead Compounds Mercury (Hg) Exposure Disposition and Toxicokinetics Metabolic Transformation Cellular Metabolism Toxicology Biological Indicators Treatment Nickel (Ni) Exposure Toxicokinetics Essentiality Toxicity Nickel Carbonyl Poisoning Dermatitis Indicators of Nickel Toxicity

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Toxic effects of metals

Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action

Arsenic toxicology: five questions.

Mobilization of heavy metals by newer, therapeutically useful chelating agents

DMPS-arsenic challenge test. II. Modulation of arsenic species, including monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII), excreted in human urine.

Potential toxicity from exposure to mercury vapor (Hgo) from dental amalgam fillings is the subject of current public health debate in many countries. We evaluated potential central nervous system (CNS) toxicity associated with handling Hg-containing amalgam materials among dental personnel with very low levels of Hgo exposure (i.e., urinary Hg 50 μg/l, presents convincing new evidence of adverse behavioral effects associated with low Hgo exposures within the range of that received by the general population.—Echeverria, D., Aposhian, H. V., Woods, J. S., Heyer, N. J., Aposhian, M. M....

https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.12.11.971

Neurobehavioral effects from exposure to dental amalgam Hgo: new distinctions between recent exposure and Hg body burden

Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is bound to plasma albumin in humans and appears to be excreted in the urine as the DMSA-cysteine mixed disulfide. The pharmacokinetics of DMSA have been determined after its administration to humans po. For the blood, the tmax and t1/2 were 3.0 h + 0.45 SE and 3.2 h + 0.56 SE, respectively. The Cmax was 26.2 microM + 4.7 SE. To determine whether dental amalgams influence the human body burden of mercury, we gave volunteers the sodium salt of 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS). The diameters of dental amalgams of the subjects were determined to obtain the amalgam score. Administration of 300 mg DMPS by mouth increased the mean urinary mercury excretion of subjects over a 9 h period. There was a positive correlation between the amount of mercury excreted and the amalgam score. DMPS might be useful for increasing the urinary excretion of mercury and thus increasing the significance and reliability of this measure of mercury exposure. DMSA analogs have been designed and synthesized in attempts to increase the uptake by cell membranes of the DMSA prototype chelating agents. The i.v. administration of the monomethyl ester of DMSA, the dimethyl ester of DMSA or the zinc chelate of dimethyl DMSA increases the biliary excretion of platinum and cadmium in rats.

Mary M. Aposhian

Papers

Arsenic toxicology: five questions.

Mobilization of heavy metals by newer, therapeutically useful chelating agents

DMPS-arsenic challenge test. II. Modulation of arsenic species, including monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII), excreted in human urine.

Neurobehavioral effects from exposure to dental amalgam Hgo: new distinctions between recent exposure and Hg body burden

Human studies with the chelating agents, DMPS and DMSA