Emotion and Adaptation

Thank you for downloading an introduction to the event related potential technique. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite readings like this an introduction to the event related potential technique, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their laptop.

An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

Urbanization, resource exploitation, and lifestyle changes have diminished possibilities for human contact with nature in many societies. Concern about the loss has helped motivate research on the health benefits of contact with nature. Reviewing that research here, we focus on nature as represented by aspects of the physical environment relevant to planning, design, and policy measures that serve broad segments of urbanized societies. We discuss difficulties in defining “nature” and reasons for the current expansion of the research field, and we assess available reviews. We then consider research on pathways between nature and health involving air quality, physical activity, social cohesion, and stress reduction. Finally, we discuss methodological issues and priorities for future research. The extant research does describe an array of benefits of contact with nature, and evidence regarding some benefits is strong; however, some findings indicate caution is needed in applying beliefs about those benefits,...

Nature and Health

Current day concentrations of ambient air pollution have been associated with a range of adverse health effects, particularly mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. In this review, we summarize the evidence from epidemiological studies on long-term exposure to fine and coarse particles, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and elemental carbon on mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease. We also summarize the findings on potentially susceptible subgroups across studies. We identified studies through a search in the databases Medline and Scopus and previous reviews until January 2013 and performed a meta-analysis if more than five studies were available for the same exposure metric.

/pdf/long-term-air-pollution-exposure-and-cardio-respiratory-1ucfdxw7xl.pdf

Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review.

The Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathways have long been known to direct growth and patterning during embryonic development. Recent evidence also implicates these pathways in the postembryonic regulation of stem-cell number in epithelia such as those of the skin and intestine, which undergo constant renewal. A pathological role for the Wnt and Hh pathways has emerged from studies showing a high frequency of specific human cancers associated with mutations that constitutively activate the transcriptional response of these pathways. This article focuses on Hh and Wnt signal transduction and reviews evidence suggesting that tumorigenesis associated with pathway activation may result from mis-specification of cells towards stem-cell or stem cell-like fates.

The Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways in cancer

Research suggests that visual impressions of natural compared with urban environments facilitate recovery after psychological stress. To test whether auditory stimulation has similar effects, 40 subjects were exposed to sounds from nature or noisy environments after a stressful mental arithmetic task. Skin conductance level (SCL) was used to index sympathetic activation, and high frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV) was used to index parasympathetic activation. Although HF HRV showed no effects, SCL recovery tended to be faster during natural sound than noisy environments. These results suggest that nature sounds facilitate recovery from sympathetic activation after a psychological stressor.

/pdf/stress-recovery-during-exposure-to-nature-sound-and-4lrp9xs1yd.pdf

Stress recovery during exposure to nature sound and environmental noise.

There is a need for a model that identifies underlying dimensions of soundscape perception, and which may guide measurement and improvement of soundscape quality With the purpose to develop such a model, a listening experiment was conducted One hundred listeners measured 50 excerpts of binaural recordings of urban outdoor soundscapes on 116 attribute scales The average attribute scale values were subjected to principal components analysis, resulting in three components: Pleasantness, eventfulness, and familiarity, explaining 50, 18 and 6% of the total variance, respectively The principal-component scores were correlated with physical soundscape properties, including categories of dominant sounds and acoustic variables Soundscape excerpts dominated by technological sounds were found to be unpleasant, whereas soundscape excerpts dominated by natural sounds were pleasant, and soundscape excerpts dominated by human sounds were eventful These relationships remained after controlling for the overall soundscape loudness (Zwicker's N(10)), which shows that 'informational' properties are substantial contributors to the perception of soundscape The proposed principal components model provides a framework for future soundscape research and practice In particular, it suggests which basic dimensions are necessary to measure, how to measure them by a defined set of attribute scales, and how to promote high-quality soundscapes

A principal components model of soundscape perception

Basal cell carcinoma is the most prevalent cancer in the western world, showing a rapid increase in incidence. Activation of the Sonic hedgehog/Patched (PTCH) signaling pathway because of PTCH1 inactivation is a key event in sporadic and familial basal cell carcinoma development in humans and is associated with transcriptional activation of specific target genes, including PTCH1 itself. These changes are analogous to the situation in Drosophila where hedgehog activates the zinc-finger transcription factor Cubitus interruptus, leading to increased transcription of target genes. In the present study, we show that mice ectopically expressing the human Cubitus interruptus homolog GLI-1 in the skin develop tumors closely resembling human BCCs as well as other hair follicle-derived neoplasias, such as trichoepitheliomas, cylindromas, and trichoblastomas. Furthermore, examination of the tumors revealed wild-type p53 and Ha ras genes. These findings firmly establish that increased GLI-1 expression is central and probably sufficient for tumor development and suggest that GLI-1-induced tumor development does not depend on additional p53 or Ha ras mutations.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/97/7/3438.full.pdf

Induction of basal cell carcinomas and trichoepitheliomas in mice overexpressing GLI-1.

Background: An association has been reported between long-term exposure to road traffic noise and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), but the evidence is limited and inconclusive. No previous study has simultaneously analyzed the role of exposure to noise and air pollution from road traffic in the risk of MI. Methods: A population-based case-control study on MI was conducted 1992-1994 in Stockholm County. Participants answered a questionnaire and underwent a physical examination. Residential exposure to noise and air pollution from road traffic between 1970 and 1992-1994 was assessed for 3666 participants (1571 cases of MI and 2095 controls), based on residential history combined with information on traffic intensity and distance to nearby roads. Information was also obtained on factors potentially affecting the relationship between noise exposure and MI, such as noise annoyance. Results: The correlation between long-term individual exposure to noise and air pollution from traffic was high (r = 0.6). The adjusted odds ratio for MI associated with long-term road traffic noise exposure of 50 dBA or higher was 1.12 (95% confidence interval = 0.95-1.33). In a subsample, defined by excluding persons with hearing loss or exposure to noise from other sources, the corresponding odds ratio was 1.38 (1.11-1.71), with a positive exposure-response trend. No strong effect modification was apparent by sex or cardiovascular risk factors, including air pollution from road traffic. Conclusions: The results lend some support to the hypothesis that long-term exposure to road traffic noise increases the risk for MI.

Long-term exposure to road traffic noise and myocardial infarction.

According to guidelines proposed in Sweden, at least 80% of the visitors in quiet areas should perceive the sound environment as good This was the starting point for a questionnaire study on "soundscape quality" in four suburban green areas and in four city parks The soundscapes in the suburban areas were completely dominated by sounds from nature (eg, bird song and sounds from water), whereas traffic noise was a main component of the city-park soundscapes Measured equivalent sound levels (from all sources) ranged from 42 to 50 dBA in the suburban green areas, and from 49 to 60 dBA in the city parks (L Aeq,15min ) "Soundscape quality" was assessed by a five-point bipolar category scale Among the respondents, 84-100% in the suburban green areas and 53-65% in the city parks assessed the soundscape as "Good" or "Very good" Thus, all suburban green areas but none of the city parks reached the stipulated goal (at least 80%) The soundcape quality was confirmed by attribute profiling using a set of 12 adjectives Based on the visitor's responses, it is concluded that good soundscape quality can only be achieved if the traffic noise exposure in suburban green areas and city parks during day time is below 50 dBA

Mats E. Nilsson

Papers

Stress recovery during exposure to nature sound and environmental noise.

A principal components model of soundscape perception

Induction of basal cell carcinomas and trichoepitheliomas in mice overexpressing GLI-1.

Long-term exposure to road traffic noise and myocardial infarction.

Soundscape quality in suburban green areas and city parks.